Kinetics of Different Substituted Phenolic Compounds’ Aqueous OH Oxidation in Atmosphere
Atmospheric aqueous-phase reactions have been recognized as an important source of secondary organic aerosols (SOAs). However, the unclear reaction kinetics and mechanics hinder the in-depth understanding of the SOA sources and formation processes. This study selected ten different substituted pheno...
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2025-05-01
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| author | Dandan Hu Zixuan Wang Eleonora Aruffo Xuanli Dai Zhuzi Zhao Zhaolian Ye |
| author_facet | Dandan Hu Zixuan Wang Eleonora Aruffo Xuanli Dai Zhuzi Zhao Zhaolian Ye |
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| description | Atmospheric aqueous-phase reactions have been recognized as an important source of secondary organic aerosols (SOAs). However, the unclear reaction kinetics and mechanics hinder the in-depth understanding of the SOA sources and formation processes. This study selected ten different substituted phenolic compounds (termed as PhCs) emitted from biomass burning as precursors, to investigate the kinetics using OH oxidation reactions under simulated sunlight. The factors influencing reaction rates were examined, and the contribution of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was evaluated through quenching and kinetic analysis experiments. The results showed that the pseudo-first-order rate constants (<i>k</i><sub>obs</sub>) for the OH oxidation of phenolic compounds ranged from 1.03 × 10<sup>−4</sup> to 7.85 × 10<sup>−4</sup> s<sup>−1</sup> under simulated sunlight irradiation with an initial H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> concentration of 3 mM. Precursors with electron-donating groups (-OH, -OCH<sub>3</sub>, -CH<sub>3</sub>, etc.) exhibited higher electrophilic radical reactivity due to the enhanced electron density of the benzene ring, leading to higher reaction rates than those with electron-withdrawing groups (-NO<sub>2</sub>, -CHO, -COOH). At pH 2, the second-order reaction rate (<i>k</i><sub>PhCs, OH</sub>) was lower than at pH 5. However, the <i>k</i><sub>obs</sub> did not show dependence on pH. The presence of O<sub>2</sub> facilitated substituted phenols’ photodecay. Inorganic salts and transition metal ions exhibited varying effects on reaction rates. Specifically, NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup> and Cu<sup>2+</sup> promoted <i>k</i><sub>PhCs, OH</sub>, Cl<sup>−</sup> significantly enhanced the reaction at pH 2, while SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup> inhibited the reaction. The <i>k</i><sub>PhCs, OH</sub> were determined to be in the range of 10<sup>9</sup>~10<sup>10</sup> L mol<sup>−1</sup> s<sup>−1</sup> via the bimolecular rate method, and a modest relationship with their oxidation potential was found. Additionally, multiple substituents can suppress the reactivity of phenolic compounds toward •OH based on Hammett plots. Quenching experiments revealed that •OH played a dominant role in phenolic compound degradation (exceeding 65%). Electron paramagnetic resonance confirmed the generation of singlet oxygen (<sup>1</sup>O<sub>2</sub>) in the system, and probe-based quantification further explored the concentrations of •OH and <sup>1</sup>O<sub>2</sub> in the system. Based on reaction rates and concentrations, the atmospheric aqueous-phase lifetimes of phenolic compounds were estimated, providing valuable insights for expanding atmospheric kinetic databases and understanding the chemical transformation and persistence of phenolic substances in the atmosphere. |
| format | Article |
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| spelling | doaj-art-dcefb274b7a64d6486bdf5776ac510032025-08-20T02:33:43ZengMDPI AGAtmosphere2073-44332025-05-0116556710.3390/atmos16050567Kinetics of Different Substituted Phenolic Compounds’ Aqueous OH Oxidation in AtmosphereDandan Hu0Zixuan Wang1Eleonora Aruffo2Xuanli Dai3Zhuzi Zhao4Zhaolian Ye5School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Jiangsu University of Technology, Changzhou 213001, ChinaSchool of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Jiangsu University of Technology, Changzhou 213001, ChinaDepartment of Science, University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, ItalyJiangsu Xinrui Environmental Monitoring Co., Ltd., Zhangjiagang 215600, ChinaSchool of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Jiangsu University of Technology, Changzhou 213001, ChinaSchool of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Jiangsu University of Technology, Changzhou 213001, ChinaAtmospheric aqueous-phase reactions have been recognized as an important source of secondary organic aerosols (SOAs). However, the unclear reaction kinetics and mechanics hinder the in-depth understanding of the SOA sources and formation processes. This study selected ten different substituted phenolic compounds (termed as PhCs) emitted from biomass burning as precursors, to investigate the kinetics using OH oxidation reactions under simulated sunlight. The factors influencing reaction rates were examined, and the contribution of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was evaluated through quenching and kinetic analysis experiments. The results showed that the pseudo-first-order rate constants (<i>k</i><sub>obs</sub>) for the OH oxidation of phenolic compounds ranged from 1.03 × 10<sup>−4</sup> to 7.85 × 10<sup>−4</sup> s<sup>−1</sup> under simulated sunlight irradiation with an initial H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> concentration of 3 mM. Precursors with electron-donating groups (-OH, -OCH<sub>3</sub>, -CH<sub>3</sub>, etc.) exhibited higher electrophilic radical reactivity due to the enhanced electron density of the benzene ring, leading to higher reaction rates than those with electron-withdrawing groups (-NO<sub>2</sub>, -CHO, -COOH). At pH 2, the second-order reaction rate (<i>k</i><sub>PhCs, OH</sub>) was lower than at pH 5. However, the <i>k</i><sub>obs</sub> did not show dependence on pH. The presence of O<sub>2</sub> facilitated substituted phenols’ photodecay. Inorganic salts and transition metal ions exhibited varying effects on reaction rates. Specifically, NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup> and Cu<sup>2+</sup> promoted <i>k</i><sub>PhCs, OH</sub>, Cl<sup>−</sup> significantly enhanced the reaction at pH 2, while SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup> inhibited the reaction. The <i>k</i><sub>PhCs, OH</sub> were determined to be in the range of 10<sup>9</sup>~10<sup>10</sup> L mol<sup>−1</sup> s<sup>−1</sup> via the bimolecular rate method, and a modest relationship with their oxidation potential was found. Additionally, multiple substituents can suppress the reactivity of phenolic compounds toward •OH based on Hammett plots. Quenching experiments revealed that •OH played a dominant role in phenolic compound degradation (exceeding 65%). Electron paramagnetic resonance confirmed the generation of singlet oxygen (<sup>1</sup>O<sub>2</sub>) in the system, and probe-based quantification further explored the concentrations of •OH and <sup>1</sup>O<sub>2</sub> in the system. Based on reaction rates and concentrations, the atmospheric aqueous-phase lifetimes of phenolic compounds were estimated, providing valuable insights for expanding atmospheric kinetic databases and understanding the chemical transformation and persistence of phenolic substances in the atmosphere.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/16/5/567substituted phenolic compoundsrate constantsROS rolequantitative structure–activity relationship (QSAR) |
| spellingShingle | Dandan Hu Zixuan Wang Eleonora Aruffo Xuanli Dai Zhuzi Zhao Zhaolian Ye Kinetics of Different Substituted Phenolic Compounds’ Aqueous OH Oxidation in Atmosphere Atmosphere substituted phenolic compounds rate constants ROS role quantitative structure–activity relationship (QSAR) |
| title | Kinetics of Different Substituted Phenolic Compounds’ Aqueous OH Oxidation in Atmosphere |
| title_full | Kinetics of Different Substituted Phenolic Compounds’ Aqueous OH Oxidation in Atmosphere |
| title_fullStr | Kinetics of Different Substituted Phenolic Compounds’ Aqueous OH Oxidation in Atmosphere |
| title_full_unstemmed | Kinetics of Different Substituted Phenolic Compounds’ Aqueous OH Oxidation in Atmosphere |
| title_short | Kinetics of Different Substituted Phenolic Compounds’ Aqueous OH Oxidation in Atmosphere |
| title_sort | kinetics of different substituted phenolic compounds aqueous oh oxidation in atmosphere |
| topic | substituted phenolic compounds rate constants ROS role quantitative structure–activity relationship (QSAR) |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/16/5/567 |
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