Effectiveness of a Shoulder Exercise Program in Division I Collegiate Baseball Players During the Fall Season
# Background Deficits in shoulder range of motion (ROM) and strength are associated with risk of arm injury in baseball players. # Purpose The purpose of this study was to assess the effectiveness of a standardized exercise program, during the fall season, on shoulder ROM and rotational strength...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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North American Sports Medicine Institute
2022-02-01
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| Series: | International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy |
| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.26603/001c.31638 |
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| _version_ | 1825197128139407360 |
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| author | Hillary A. Plummer Shannon M. Plosser Paul R. Diaz Nicholas J. Lobb Lori A. Michener |
| author_facet | Hillary A. Plummer Shannon M. Plosser Paul R. Diaz Nicholas J. Lobb Lori A. Michener |
| author_sort | Hillary A. Plummer |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | # Background
Deficits in shoulder range of motion (ROM) and strength are associated with risk of arm injury in baseball players.
# Purpose
The purpose of this study was to assess the effectiveness of a standardized exercise program, during the fall season, on shoulder ROM and rotational strength in collegiate baseball players.
# Study Design
Prospective cohort study
# Methods
Passive shoulder internal rotation (IR), external rotation (ER), and horizontal adduction ROM were measured with an inclinometer. Shoulder IR and ER strength was assessed using a hand-held dynamometer and normalized to body weight. Players performed a program of shoulder stretching and strengthening exercises, three times/week for one month and then one time/week for two months. Paired sample t-tests compared pre-intervention to post-intervention outcome measures.
# Results
Division I baseball players (n=43; 19.6±1.2years, 185.8±5.5cm, 90.5±7.0kg) volunteered. From pre- to post-intervention, there were increases in horizontal adduction ROM in the throwing (Mean Difference (MD)=6.1°, 95%CI=3.7,8.5; p\<0.001) and non-throwing arm (MD=8.0°, 95%CI=5.6,10.3; p\<0.001), and a decrease in non-throwing arm ER ROM (MD=2.8°, 95%CI= 0.2,5.5; p=0.039). The ER ROM surplus (throwing -- non-throwing) increased (MD=5.6°, 95%CI= 1.1,10.2; p=0.016). Throwing arm (MD=1.3%BW, 95%CI=0.5-2.1, p=0.003) and non-throwing arm (MD=1.2%BW, 95%CI=0.4,2.0; p=0.004) ER strength decreased. A notable, but non-significant increase in IR strength on the throwing arm (MD=1.6%BW, 95%CI=0.1,3.0; p=0.055) and decrease on the non-throwing arm (MD=1.2%BW, 95%CI=0.0,2.4; p=0.055) occurred. Additionally, throwing arm ER:IR strength ratio (MD=0.16, 95%CI=0.08,0.25; p\<0.001) also decreased.
# Conclusion
Changes in shoulder horizontal adduction ROM, IR strength and relative ER surplus on the throwing arm were noted at the end of the season. The lack of change in IR and ER ROM and may be related to the lack of deficits at the start of the fall season.
# Level of Evidence
2\. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-dc8510df483848a1b3d69ce7e3c4d274 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2159-2896 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2022-02-01 |
| publisher | North American Sports Medicine Institute |
| record_format | Article |
| series | International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy |
| spelling | doaj-art-dc8510df483848a1b3d69ce7e3c4d2742025-02-11T20:27:08ZengNorth American Sports Medicine InstituteInternational Journal of Sports Physical Therapy2159-28962022-02-01172Effectiveness of a Shoulder Exercise Program in Division I Collegiate Baseball Players During the Fall SeasonHillary A. PlummerShannon M. PlosserPaul R. DiazNicholas J. LobbLori A. Michener# Background Deficits in shoulder range of motion (ROM) and strength are associated with risk of arm injury in baseball players. # Purpose The purpose of this study was to assess the effectiveness of a standardized exercise program, during the fall season, on shoulder ROM and rotational strength in collegiate baseball players. # Study Design Prospective cohort study # Methods Passive shoulder internal rotation (IR), external rotation (ER), and horizontal adduction ROM were measured with an inclinometer. Shoulder IR and ER strength was assessed using a hand-held dynamometer and normalized to body weight. Players performed a program of shoulder stretching and strengthening exercises, three times/week for one month and then one time/week for two months. Paired sample t-tests compared pre-intervention to post-intervention outcome measures. # Results Division I baseball players (n=43; 19.6±1.2years, 185.8±5.5cm, 90.5±7.0kg) volunteered. From pre- to post-intervention, there were increases in horizontal adduction ROM in the throwing (Mean Difference (MD)=6.1°, 95%CI=3.7,8.5; p\<0.001) and non-throwing arm (MD=8.0°, 95%CI=5.6,10.3; p\<0.001), and a decrease in non-throwing arm ER ROM (MD=2.8°, 95%CI= 0.2,5.5; p=0.039). The ER ROM surplus (throwing -- non-throwing) increased (MD=5.6°, 95%CI= 1.1,10.2; p=0.016). Throwing arm (MD=1.3%BW, 95%CI=0.5-2.1, p=0.003) and non-throwing arm (MD=1.2%BW, 95%CI=0.4,2.0; p=0.004) ER strength decreased. A notable, but non-significant increase in IR strength on the throwing arm (MD=1.6%BW, 95%CI=0.1,3.0; p=0.055) and decrease on the non-throwing arm (MD=1.2%BW, 95%CI=0.0,2.4; p=0.055) occurred. Additionally, throwing arm ER:IR strength ratio (MD=0.16, 95%CI=0.08,0.25; p\<0.001) also decreased. # Conclusion Changes in shoulder horizontal adduction ROM, IR strength and relative ER surplus on the throwing arm were noted at the end of the season. The lack of change in IR and ER ROM and may be related to the lack of deficits at the start of the fall season. # Level of Evidence 2\.https://doi.org/10.26603/001c.31638 |
| spellingShingle | Hillary A. Plummer Shannon M. Plosser Paul R. Diaz Nicholas J. Lobb Lori A. Michener Effectiveness of a Shoulder Exercise Program in Division I Collegiate Baseball Players During the Fall Season International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy |
| title | Effectiveness of a Shoulder Exercise Program in Division I Collegiate Baseball Players During the Fall Season |
| title_full | Effectiveness of a Shoulder Exercise Program in Division I Collegiate Baseball Players During the Fall Season |
| title_fullStr | Effectiveness of a Shoulder Exercise Program in Division I Collegiate Baseball Players During the Fall Season |
| title_full_unstemmed | Effectiveness of a Shoulder Exercise Program in Division I Collegiate Baseball Players During the Fall Season |
| title_short | Effectiveness of a Shoulder Exercise Program in Division I Collegiate Baseball Players During the Fall Season |
| title_sort | effectiveness of a shoulder exercise program in division i collegiate baseball players during the fall season |
| url | https://doi.org/10.26603/001c.31638 |
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