Investigating Convective Processes Underlying ENSO: New Insights Into the Fixed Anvil Temperature Hypothesis
Abstract Interannual variations provide insight into the sensitivity of convective processes. Thus, CloudSat and ERA5 are used to explore the relationship among convective cores, outflows and environmental conditions during El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO) cycles. Results reveal greater upper‐tro...
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| Main Authors: | , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Wiley
2024-03-01
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| Series: | Geophysical Research Letters |
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1029/2023GL107113 |
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| author | Hanii Takahashi Zhengzhao Johnny Luo Hirohiko Masunaga Rachel Storer Akira T. Noda |
| author_facet | Hanii Takahashi Zhengzhao Johnny Luo Hirohiko Masunaga Rachel Storer Akira T. Noda |
| author_sort | Hanii Takahashi |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Interannual variations provide insight into the sensitivity of convective processes. Thus, CloudSat and ERA5 are used to explore the relationship among convective cores, outflows and environmental conditions during El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO) cycles. Results reveal greater upper‐tropospheric stability during El Niño, resulting in a lower level of neutral buoyancy compared to La Niña. However, outflow levels remain relatively consistent across ENSO cycles. This suggests that, despite less favorable conditions for deep convection during El Niño, stronger convective intensity is required to achieve outflow levels comparable to those in La Niña. Indeed, our results suggest that convection observed during El Niño tends to have broader cores and lower entrainment rates, translating to greater intensity compared to La Niña. These findings emphasize the importance of considering both large‐scale and convective‐scale processes, providing an update to the fixed anvil temperature (FAT) and the proportionately higher anvil temperature (PHAT) hypotheses as originally proposed. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-dc7a2e2b7d6c4723aed317e5a6a89f8d |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 0094-8276 1944-8007 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-03-01 |
| publisher | Wiley |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Geophysical Research Letters |
| spelling | doaj-art-dc7a2e2b7d6c4723aed317e5a6a89f8d2025-08-20T02:31:37ZengWileyGeophysical Research Letters0094-82761944-80072024-03-01516n/an/a10.1029/2023GL107113Investigating Convective Processes Underlying ENSO: New Insights Into the Fixed Anvil Temperature HypothesisHanii Takahashi0Zhengzhao Johnny Luo1Hirohiko Masunaga2Rachel Storer3Akira T. Noda4Jet Propulsion Laboratory California Institute of Technology Pasadena CA USADepartment of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences the City College of New York of City University of New York New York NY USAInstitute for Space‐Earth Environmental Research Nagoya University Nagoya JapanJet Propulsion Laboratory California Institute of Technology Pasadena CA USAJapan Agency for Marine‐Earth Science and Technology Yokohama JapanAbstract Interannual variations provide insight into the sensitivity of convective processes. Thus, CloudSat and ERA5 are used to explore the relationship among convective cores, outflows and environmental conditions during El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO) cycles. Results reveal greater upper‐tropospheric stability during El Niño, resulting in a lower level of neutral buoyancy compared to La Niña. However, outflow levels remain relatively consistent across ENSO cycles. This suggests that, despite less favorable conditions for deep convection during El Niño, stronger convective intensity is required to achieve outflow levels comparable to those in La Niña. Indeed, our results suggest that convection observed during El Niño tends to have broader cores and lower entrainment rates, translating to greater intensity compared to La Niña. These findings emphasize the importance of considering both large‐scale and convective‐scale processes, providing an update to the fixed anvil temperature (FAT) and the proportionately higher anvil temperature (PHAT) hypotheses as originally proposed.https://doi.org/10.1029/2023GL107113convective outflowentrainmentconvective coresENSOFATPHAT |
| spellingShingle | Hanii Takahashi Zhengzhao Johnny Luo Hirohiko Masunaga Rachel Storer Akira T. Noda Investigating Convective Processes Underlying ENSO: New Insights Into the Fixed Anvil Temperature Hypothesis Geophysical Research Letters convective outflow entrainment convective cores ENSO FAT PHAT |
| title | Investigating Convective Processes Underlying ENSO: New Insights Into the Fixed Anvil Temperature Hypothesis |
| title_full | Investigating Convective Processes Underlying ENSO: New Insights Into the Fixed Anvil Temperature Hypothesis |
| title_fullStr | Investigating Convective Processes Underlying ENSO: New Insights Into the Fixed Anvil Temperature Hypothesis |
| title_full_unstemmed | Investigating Convective Processes Underlying ENSO: New Insights Into the Fixed Anvil Temperature Hypothesis |
| title_short | Investigating Convective Processes Underlying ENSO: New Insights Into the Fixed Anvil Temperature Hypothesis |
| title_sort | investigating convective processes underlying enso new insights into the fixed anvil temperature hypothesis |
| topic | convective outflow entrainment convective cores ENSO FAT PHAT |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1029/2023GL107113 |
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