Long-Term Exercise Mitigates Energy Expenditure and Inflammatory Responses Induced by Sleep Deprivation in Mice

<b>Background</b>: Sleep deprivation (SD), defined as the disruption or loss of normal sleep, negatively affects energy metabolism, immune function, and gut microbiota in both humans and animals. Although SD has detrimental effects, it is often unavoidable due to work or study demands. E...

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Main Authors: Tian-Shu Zheng, Xin-Ran Gao, Chen Gu, Yu-Ning Ru, Rui-Ping Xu, Yu-Hang Yang, De-Hua Wang
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2025-06-01
Series:Biomolecules
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Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2218-273X/15/6/862
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author Tian-Shu Zheng
Xin-Ran Gao
Chen Gu
Yu-Ning Ru
Rui-Ping Xu
Yu-Hang Yang
De-Hua Wang
author_facet Tian-Shu Zheng
Xin-Ran Gao
Chen Gu
Yu-Ning Ru
Rui-Ping Xu
Yu-Hang Yang
De-Hua Wang
author_sort Tian-Shu Zheng
collection DOAJ
description <b>Background</b>: Sleep deprivation (SD), defined as the disruption or loss of normal sleep, negatively affects energy metabolism, immune function, and gut microbiota in both humans and animals. Although SD has detrimental effects, it is often unavoidable due to work or study demands. Exercise has been shown to improve sleep quality, regulate metabolism, and enhance immune function. However, whether exercise can mitigate the adverse effects of unavoidable SD remains unclear. <b>Methods</b>: To explore the protective effects of exercise against SD-induced gut microbiota and metabolic dysfunction, mice were randomly assigned to four groups: control (CTR), exercise (EXE), SD, and exercise + SD (EXE + SD). Inflammatory markers and gut microbiota composition were analyzed to assess the impacts of SD and exercise interventions. <b>Results</b>: The inflammatory levels and energy metabolism in SD mice were significantly increased compared to those in CTR mice. Compared with SD mice, EXE + SD mice had a more stable gut microbiota structure and higher butyrate levels. Meanwhile, the inflammatory response caused by SD was also inhibited by exercise preconditioning. Both lipopolysaccharide inhibitors injection and butyrate supplementation can partially alleviate the elevation of inflammatory response and energy metabolism caused by SD. <b>Conclusion</b>: The inflammation and energy metabolism disorders in mice caused by SD can be inhibited by exercise preconditioning through stabilizing the structure of gut microbiota. This protective effect is highly likely related to the increase in butyric acid levels caused by exercise.
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spelling doaj-art-dc393e9b01724f94b82d8043fd4dec1c2025-08-20T03:26:10ZengMDPI AGBiomolecules2218-273X2025-06-0115686210.3390/biom15060862Long-Term Exercise Mitigates Energy Expenditure and Inflammatory Responses Induced by Sleep Deprivation in MiceTian-Shu Zheng0Xin-Ran Gao1Chen Gu2Yu-Ning Ru3Rui-Ping Xu4Yu-Hang Yang5De-Hua Wang6School of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, No. 72 Binhai Road, Jimo District, Qingdao 266237, ChinaSchool of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, No. 72 Binhai Road, Jimo District, Qingdao 266237, ChinaSchool of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, No. 72 Binhai Road, Jimo District, Qingdao 266237, ChinaSchool of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, No. 72 Binhai Road, Jimo District, Qingdao 266237, ChinaSchool of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, No. 72 Binhai Road, Jimo District, Qingdao 266237, ChinaSchool of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, No. 72 Binhai Road, Jimo District, Qingdao 266237, ChinaSchool of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, No. 72 Binhai Road, Jimo District, Qingdao 266237, China<b>Background</b>: Sleep deprivation (SD), defined as the disruption or loss of normal sleep, negatively affects energy metabolism, immune function, and gut microbiota in both humans and animals. Although SD has detrimental effects, it is often unavoidable due to work or study demands. Exercise has been shown to improve sleep quality, regulate metabolism, and enhance immune function. However, whether exercise can mitigate the adverse effects of unavoidable SD remains unclear. <b>Methods</b>: To explore the protective effects of exercise against SD-induced gut microbiota and metabolic dysfunction, mice were randomly assigned to four groups: control (CTR), exercise (EXE), SD, and exercise + SD (EXE + SD). Inflammatory markers and gut microbiota composition were analyzed to assess the impacts of SD and exercise interventions. <b>Results</b>: The inflammatory levels and energy metabolism in SD mice were significantly increased compared to those in CTR mice. Compared with SD mice, EXE + SD mice had a more stable gut microbiota structure and higher butyrate levels. Meanwhile, the inflammatory response caused by SD was also inhibited by exercise preconditioning. Both lipopolysaccharide inhibitors injection and butyrate supplementation can partially alleviate the elevation of inflammatory response and energy metabolism caused by SD. <b>Conclusion</b>: The inflammation and energy metabolism disorders in mice caused by SD can be inhibited by exercise preconditioning through stabilizing the structure of gut microbiota. This protective effect is highly likely related to the increase in butyric acid levels caused by exercise.https://www.mdpi.com/2218-273X/15/6/862sleep deprivationinflammationmoderate-intensity continuous traininggut microbiotamice
spellingShingle Tian-Shu Zheng
Xin-Ran Gao
Chen Gu
Yu-Ning Ru
Rui-Ping Xu
Yu-Hang Yang
De-Hua Wang
Long-Term Exercise Mitigates Energy Expenditure and Inflammatory Responses Induced by Sleep Deprivation in Mice
Biomolecules
sleep deprivation
inflammation
moderate-intensity continuous training
gut microbiota
mice
title Long-Term Exercise Mitigates Energy Expenditure and Inflammatory Responses Induced by Sleep Deprivation in Mice
title_full Long-Term Exercise Mitigates Energy Expenditure and Inflammatory Responses Induced by Sleep Deprivation in Mice
title_fullStr Long-Term Exercise Mitigates Energy Expenditure and Inflammatory Responses Induced by Sleep Deprivation in Mice
title_full_unstemmed Long-Term Exercise Mitigates Energy Expenditure and Inflammatory Responses Induced by Sleep Deprivation in Mice
title_short Long-Term Exercise Mitigates Energy Expenditure and Inflammatory Responses Induced by Sleep Deprivation in Mice
title_sort long term exercise mitigates energy expenditure and inflammatory responses induced by sleep deprivation in mice
topic sleep deprivation
inflammation
moderate-intensity continuous training
gut microbiota
mice
url https://www.mdpi.com/2218-273X/15/6/862
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