Diversity in Hydrogen-rich Envelope Mass of Type II Supernovae. III. The Mass-loss and Evolutionary Pathways of the Red Supergiant Progenitors
We present a comprehensive analysis of 32 type II supernovae (SNe II) with plateau phase photometry and late phase ( nebular ) spectroscopy available, aiming to bridge the gap between the surface and core of their red supergiant (RSG) progenitors. Using MESA + STELLA , we compute an extensive grid o...
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2025-01-01
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/adf218 |
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| author | Qiliang Fang Takashi J. Moriya Keiichi Maeda Andris Dorozsmai Javier Silva-Farfán |
| author_facet | Qiliang Fang Takashi J. Moriya Keiichi Maeda Andris Dorozsmai Javier Silva-Farfán |
| author_sort | Qiliang Fang |
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| description | We present a comprehensive analysis of 32 type II supernovae (SNe II) with plateau phase photometry and late phase ( nebular ) spectroscopy available, aiming to bridge the gap between the surface and core of their red supergiant (RSG) progenitors. Using MESA + STELLA , we compute an extensive grid of SN II light-curve models originating from RSG with effective temperatures T _eff around 3650 K and hydrogen-rich envelopes artificially stripped to varying degrees. These models are then used to derive the hydrogen-rich envelope masses M _Henv for SNe II from their plateau phase light curves. Nebular spectroscopy further constrains the progenitor RSG’s luminosity log L _prog and is employed to remove the degeneracies in light-curve modeling. The comparison between log L _prog – M _Henv reveals that M _Henv spans a broad range at the same log L _prog , and almost all SNe II have lower M _Henv than the prediction of the default stellar wind models. We explore alternative wind prescriptions, binary evolution models, and the possibility of more compact RSG progenitors. Although binary interaction offers a compelling explanation for the nonmonotonicity and large scatter in the log L _prog – M _Henv relation, the high occurrence rate of partially stripped RSGs cannot be accounted for by stable binary mass transfer alone without fine-tuned orbital parameters. This highlights that, despite being the most commonly observed class of core-collapse SNe, SNe II likely originate from a variety of mass-loss histories and evolutionary pathways that are more diverse and complex than typically assumed in standard stellar evolution models. |
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| institution | Kabale University |
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| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
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| spelling | doaj-art-dc214db0dd5b467f9e0ab74c0f4a24ee2025-08-25T16:45:57ZengIOP PublishingThe Astrophysical Journal1538-43572025-01-0199016010.3847/1538-4357/adf218Diversity in Hydrogen-rich Envelope Mass of Type II Supernovae. III. The Mass-loss and Evolutionary Pathways of the Red Supergiant ProgenitorsQiliang Fang0https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1161-9592Takashi J. Moriya1https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1169-1954Keiichi Maeda2https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2611-7269Andris Dorozsmai3Javier Silva-Farfán4https://orcid.org/0009-0000-2457-279XNational Astronomical Observatory of Japan , National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, JapanNational Astronomical Observatory of Japan , National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan; Graduate Institute for Advanced Studies , SOKENDAI, 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan; School of Physics and Astronomy, Monash University , Clayton, Victoria 3800, AustraliaDepartment of Astronomy, Kyoto University , Kitashirakawa-Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, JapanNational Astronomical Observatory of Japan , National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, JapanDepartment of Astronomy, Kyoto University , Kitashirakawa-Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, JapanWe present a comprehensive analysis of 32 type II supernovae (SNe II) with plateau phase photometry and late phase ( nebular ) spectroscopy available, aiming to bridge the gap between the surface and core of their red supergiant (RSG) progenitors. Using MESA + STELLA , we compute an extensive grid of SN II light-curve models originating from RSG with effective temperatures T _eff around 3650 K and hydrogen-rich envelopes artificially stripped to varying degrees. These models are then used to derive the hydrogen-rich envelope masses M _Henv for SNe II from their plateau phase light curves. Nebular spectroscopy further constrains the progenitor RSG’s luminosity log L _prog and is employed to remove the degeneracies in light-curve modeling. The comparison between log L _prog – M _Henv reveals that M _Henv spans a broad range at the same log L _prog , and almost all SNe II have lower M _Henv than the prediction of the default stellar wind models. We explore alternative wind prescriptions, binary evolution models, and the possibility of more compact RSG progenitors. Although binary interaction offers a compelling explanation for the nonmonotonicity and large scatter in the log L _prog – M _Henv relation, the high occurrence rate of partially stripped RSGs cannot be accounted for by stable binary mass transfer alone without fine-tuned orbital parameters. This highlights that, despite being the most commonly observed class of core-collapse SNe, SNe II likely originate from a variety of mass-loss histories and evolutionary pathways that are more diverse and complex than typically assumed in standard stellar evolution models.https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/adf218Type II supernovaeRed supergiant stars |
| spellingShingle | Qiliang Fang Takashi J. Moriya Keiichi Maeda Andris Dorozsmai Javier Silva-Farfán Diversity in Hydrogen-rich Envelope Mass of Type II Supernovae. III. The Mass-loss and Evolutionary Pathways of the Red Supergiant Progenitors The Astrophysical Journal Type II supernovae Red supergiant stars |
| title | Diversity in Hydrogen-rich Envelope Mass of Type II Supernovae. III. The Mass-loss and Evolutionary Pathways of the Red Supergiant Progenitors |
| title_full | Diversity in Hydrogen-rich Envelope Mass of Type II Supernovae. III. The Mass-loss and Evolutionary Pathways of the Red Supergiant Progenitors |
| title_fullStr | Diversity in Hydrogen-rich Envelope Mass of Type II Supernovae. III. The Mass-loss and Evolutionary Pathways of the Red Supergiant Progenitors |
| title_full_unstemmed | Diversity in Hydrogen-rich Envelope Mass of Type II Supernovae. III. The Mass-loss and Evolutionary Pathways of the Red Supergiant Progenitors |
| title_short | Diversity in Hydrogen-rich Envelope Mass of Type II Supernovae. III. The Mass-loss and Evolutionary Pathways of the Red Supergiant Progenitors |
| title_sort | diversity in hydrogen rich envelope mass of type ii supernovae iii the mass loss and evolutionary pathways of the red supergiant progenitors |
| topic | Type II supernovae Red supergiant stars |
| url | https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/adf218 |
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