Implantable Passive Sensors for Biomedical Applications
In recent years, implantable sensors have been extensively researched since they allow localized sensing at an area of interest (e.g., within the vicinity of a surgical site or other implant). They allow unobtrusive and potentially continuous sensing, enabling greater specificity, early warning capa...
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MDPI AG
2024-12-01
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| Series: | Sensors |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/25/1/133 |
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| author | Panagiotis Kassanos Emmanouel Hourdakis |
| author_facet | Panagiotis Kassanos Emmanouel Hourdakis |
| author_sort | Panagiotis Kassanos |
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| description | In recent years, implantable sensors have been extensively researched since they allow localized sensing at an area of interest (e.g., within the vicinity of a surgical site or other implant). They allow unobtrusive and potentially continuous sensing, enabling greater specificity, early warning capabilities, and thus timely clinical intervention. Wireless remote interrogation of the implanted sensor is typically achieved using radio frequency (RF), inductive coupling or ultrasound through an external device. Two categories of implantable sensors are available, namely active and passive. Active sensors offer greater capabilities, such as on-node signal and data processing, multiplexing and multimodal sensing, while also allowing lower detection limits, the possibility to encode patient sensitive information and bidirectional communication. However, they require an energy source to operate. Battery implantation, and maintenance, remains a very important constraint in many implantable applications even though energy can be provided wirelessly through the external device, in some cases. On the other hand, passive sensors offer the possibility of detection without the need for a local energy source or active electronics. They also offer significant advantages in the areas of system complexity, cost and size. In this review, implantable passive sensor technologies will be discussed along with their communication and readout schemes. Materials, detection strategies and clinical applications of passive sensors will be described. Advantages over active sensor technologies will be highlighted, as well as critical aspects related to packaging and biocompatibility. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-dbedbf7a313b4d1f9863160d16332d96 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 1424-8220 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-12-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| series | Sensors |
| spelling | doaj-art-dbedbf7a313b4d1f9863160d16332d962025-01-10T13:20:59ZengMDPI AGSensors1424-82202024-12-0125113310.3390/s25010133Implantable Passive Sensors for Biomedical ApplicationsPanagiotis Kassanos0Emmanouel Hourdakis1School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 15772 Athens, GreeceSchool of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 15772 Athens, GreeceIn recent years, implantable sensors have been extensively researched since they allow localized sensing at an area of interest (e.g., within the vicinity of a surgical site or other implant). They allow unobtrusive and potentially continuous sensing, enabling greater specificity, early warning capabilities, and thus timely clinical intervention. Wireless remote interrogation of the implanted sensor is typically achieved using radio frequency (RF), inductive coupling or ultrasound through an external device. Two categories of implantable sensors are available, namely active and passive. Active sensors offer greater capabilities, such as on-node signal and data processing, multiplexing and multimodal sensing, while also allowing lower detection limits, the possibility to encode patient sensitive information and bidirectional communication. However, they require an energy source to operate. Battery implantation, and maintenance, remains a very important constraint in many implantable applications even though energy can be provided wirelessly through the external device, in some cases. On the other hand, passive sensors offer the possibility of detection without the need for a local energy source or active electronics. They also offer significant advantages in the areas of system complexity, cost and size. In this review, implantable passive sensor technologies will be discussed along with their communication and readout schemes. Materials, detection strategies and clinical applications of passive sensors will be described. Advantages over active sensor technologies will be highlighted, as well as critical aspects related to packaging and biocompatibility.https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/25/1/133implantable sensorspassive sensorsinductive couplingultrasonic couplingradiative couplinggalvanic coupling |
| spellingShingle | Panagiotis Kassanos Emmanouel Hourdakis Implantable Passive Sensors for Biomedical Applications Sensors implantable sensors passive sensors inductive coupling ultrasonic coupling radiative coupling galvanic coupling |
| title | Implantable Passive Sensors for Biomedical Applications |
| title_full | Implantable Passive Sensors for Biomedical Applications |
| title_fullStr | Implantable Passive Sensors for Biomedical Applications |
| title_full_unstemmed | Implantable Passive Sensors for Biomedical Applications |
| title_short | Implantable Passive Sensors for Biomedical Applications |
| title_sort | implantable passive sensors for biomedical applications |
| topic | implantable sensors passive sensors inductive coupling ultrasonic coupling radiative coupling galvanic coupling |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/25/1/133 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT panagiotiskassanos implantablepassivesensorsforbiomedicalapplications AT emmanouelhourdakis implantablepassivesensorsforbiomedicalapplications |