Assessing the Validity and Reliability of the PNO<inline-formula><math display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mover accent="true"><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">E</mi></mrow><mo>¯</mo></mover></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> for Measuring Cardiometabolic Outcomes During Walking Exercise
<b>Background:</b> The accuracy of measurement of cardiometabolic outcomes in terms of gaseous exchange and energy expenditure of individuals is crucial. The objective of this study was to compare the validity and reliability of the PNO<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://ww...
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2025-05-01
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| Series: | Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology |
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| author | Manny M. Y. Kwok Shamay S. M. Ng Jonathan Myers Billy C. L. So |
| author_facet | Manny M. Y. Kwok Shamay S. M. Ng Jonathan Myers Billy C. L. So |
| author_sort | Manny M. Y. Kwok |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | <b>Background:</b> The accuracy of measurement of cardiometabolic outcomes in terms of gaseous exchange and energy expenditure of individuals is crucial. The objective of this study was to compare the validity and reliability of the PNO<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mover accent="true"><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">E</mi></mrow><mo>¯</mo></mover></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> in measuring cardiometabolic outcomes from the respiratory gaseous exchange of healthy individuals during treadmill walking exercise. <b>Methods:</b> A total of 21 healthy subjects (15 male and 6 female) aged 22.76 ± 3.85 years took part in this study. Oxygen uptake (VO<sub>2</sub>), carbon dioxide production (VCO<sub>2</sub>), respiratory exchange ratio (RER), metabolic equivalents (METs), tidal volume (VT), and energy expenditure (EE) were measured using the PNO<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mover accent="true"><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">E</mi></mrow><mo>¯</mo></mover></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> and COSMED K5 portable systems during a twenty-eight-minute, four-stage incremental protocol, where speed increased from 1.7 mph to 4.2 mph with a 2% incline on a treadmill. Test–retest reliability was tested on separate days with trail repetition. Validity was evaluated by Bland–Altman plots, intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) and mean percentage difference. <b>Results:</b> ICCs showed that VCO<sub>2</sub> was in the good range (0.75–0.90). The ICC of the RER from stages 1 to 3 of the incremental protocol and the VT from stages 2 to 4 of the incremental protocol showed good to excellent reliability. No clear trend was seen for VO<sub>2</sub>, VCO<sub>2</sub>, and EE datapoints with variations in speed. Pearson’s correlation coefficients were moderately high (r = 0.60–0.79) between VO<sub>2</sub>, VCO<sub>2</sub>, RER, METs, VT, and EE measured by the PNO<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mover accent="true"><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">E</mi></mrow><mo>¯</mo></mover></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> and K5 systems. All subjects, except for a few cases in VT, were within the upper and lower 95% confidence intervals of the acceptable range of the Bland–Altman plots. <b>Conclusions:</b> The PNO<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mover accent="true"><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">E</mi></mrow><mo>¯</mo></mover></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> system is a valid and reliable measure of cardiometabolic outcomes and is comparable to the COSMED K5 system. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-db8bc87c0c214fe78ff8a7a5f2829b43 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2411-5142 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-05-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| series | Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology |
| spelling | doaj-art-db8bc87c0c214fe78ff8a7a5f2829b432025-08-20T03:27:22ZengMDPI AGJournal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology2411-51422025-05-0110215910.3390/jfmk10020159Assessing the Validity and Reliability of the PNO<inline-formula><math display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mover accent="true"><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">E</mi></mrow><mo>¯</mo></mover></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> for Measuring Cardiometabolic Outcomes During Walking ExerciseManny M. Y. Kwok0Shamay S. M. Ng1Jonathan Myers2Billy C. L. So3Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, ChinaDepartment of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, ChinaVA Palo Alto Health Care System, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USADepartment of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China<b>Background:</b> The accuracy of measurement of cardiometabolic outcomes in terms of gaseous exchange and energy expenditure of individuals is crucial. The objective of this study was to compare the validity and reliability of the PNO<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mover accent="true"><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">E</mi></mrow><mo>¯</mo></mover></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> in measuring cardiometabolic outcomes from the respiratory gaseous exchange of healthy individuals during treadmill walking exercise. <b>Methods:</b> A total of 21 healthy subjects (15 male and 6 female) aged 22.76 ± 3.85 years took part in this study. Oxygen uptake (VO<sub>2</sub>), carbon dioxide production (VCO<sub>2</sub>), respiratory exchange ratio (RER), metabolic equivalents (METs), tidal volume (VT), and energy expenditure (EE) were measured using the PNO<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mover accent="true"><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">E</mi></mrow><mo>¯</mo></mover></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> and COSMED K5 portable systems during a twenty-eight-minute, four-stage incremental protocol, where speed increased from 1.7 mph to 4.2 mph with a 2% incline on a treadmill. Test–retest reliability was tested on separate days with trail repetition. Validity was evaluated by Bland–Altman plots, intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) and mean percentage difference. <b>Results:</b> ICCs showed that VCO<sub>2</sub> was in the good range (0.75–0.90). The ICC of the RER from stages 1 to 3 of the incremental protocol and the VT from stages 2 to 4 of the incremental protocol showed good to excellent reliability. No clear trend was seen for VO<sub>2</sub>, VCO<sub>2</sub>, and EE datapoints with variations in speed. Pearson’s correlation coefficients were moderately high (r = 0.60–0.79) between VO<sub>2</sub>, VCO<sub>2</sub>, RER, METs, VT, and EE measured by the PNO<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mover accent="true"><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">E</mi></mrow><mo>¯</mo></mover></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> and K5 systems. All subjects, except for a few cases in VT, were within the upper and lower 95% confidence intervals of the acceptable range of the Bland–Altman plots. <b>Conclusions:</b> The PNO<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mover accent="true"><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">E</mi></mrow><mo>¯</mo></mover></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> system is a valid and reliable measure of cardiometabolic outcomes and is comparable to the COSMED K5 system.https://www.mdpi.com/2411-5142/10/2/159portable metabolic systemaccuracy assessmentaerobic capacitykinesiology |
| spellingShingle | Manny M. Y. Kwok Shamay S. M. Ng Jonathan Myers Billy C. L. So Assessing the Validity and Reliability of the PNO<inline-formula><math display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mover accent="true"><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">E</mi></mrow><mo>¯</mo></mover></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> for Measuring Cardiometabolic Outcomes During Walking Exercise Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology portable metabolic system accuracy assessment aerobic capacity kinesiology |
| title | Assessing the Validity and Reliability of the PNO<inline-formula><math display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mover accent="true"><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">E</mi></mrow><mo>¯</mo></mover></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> for Measuring Cardiometabolic Outcomes During Walking Exercise |
| title_full | Assessing the Validity and Reliability of the PNO<inline-formula><math display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mover accent="true"><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">E</mi></mrow><mo>¯</mo></mover></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> for Measuring Cardiometabolic Outcomes During Walking Exercise |
| title_fullStr | Assessing the Validity and Reliability of the PNO<inline-formula><math display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mover accent="true"><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">E</mi></mrow><mo>¯</mo></mover></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> for Measuring Cardiometabolic Outcomes During Walking Exercise |
| title_full_unstemmed | Assessing the Validity and Reliability of the PNO<inline-formula><math display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mover accent="true"><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">E</mi></mrow><mo>¯</mo></mover></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> for Measuring Cardiometabolic Outcomes During Walking Exercise |
| title_short | Assessing the Validity and Reliability of the PNO<inline-formula><math display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mover accent="true"><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">E</mi></mrow><mo>¯</mo></mover></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> for Measuring Cardiometabolic Outcomes During Walking Exercise |
| title_sort | assessing the validity and reliability of the pno inline formula math display inline semantics mrow mover accent true mrow mi mathvariant normal e mi mrow mo ¯ mo mover mrow semantics math inline formula for measuring cardiometabolic outcomes during walking exercise |
| topic | portable metabolic system accuracy assessment aerobic capacity kinesiology |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2411-5142/10/2/159 |
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