Exploring Components, Sensors, and Techniques for Cancer Detection via eNose Technology: A Systematic Review
This paper offers a systematic review of advancements in electronic nose technologies for early cancer detection with a particular focus on the detection and analysis of volatile organic compounds present in biomarkers such as breath, urine, saliva, and blood. Our objective is to comprehensively exp...
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MDPI AG
2024-12-01
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| author | Washington Ramírez Verónica Pillajo Eileen Ramírez Ibeth Manzano Doris Meza |
| author_facet | Washington Ramírez Verónica Pillajo Eileen Ramírez Ibeth Manzano Doris Meza |
| author_sort | Washington Ramírez |
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| description | This paper offers a systematic review of advancements in electronic nose technologies for early cancer detection with a particular focus on the detection and analysis of volatile organic compounds present in biomarkers such as breath, urine, saliva, and blood. Our objective is to comprehensively explore how these biomarkers can serve as early indicators of various cancers, enhancing diagnostic precision and reducing invasiveness. A total of 120 studies published between 2018 and 2023 were examined through systematic mapping and literature review methodologies, employing the PICOS (Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome, and Study design) methodology to guide the analysis. Of these studies, 65.83% were ranked in Q1 journals, illustrating the scientific rigor of the included research. Our review synthesizes both technical and clinical perspectives, evaluating sensor-based devices such as gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and selected ion flow tube–mass spectrometry with reported incidences of 30 and 8 studies, respectively. Key analytical techniques including Support Vector Machine, Principal Component Analysis, and Artificial Neural Networks were identified as the most prevalent, appearing in 22, 24, and 13 studies, respectively. While substantial improvements in detection accuracy and sensitivity are noted, significant challenges persist in sensor optimization, data integration, and adaptation into clinical settings. This comprehensive analysis bridges existing research gaps and lays a foundation for the development of non-invasive diagnostic devices. By refining detection technologies and advancing clinical applications, this work has the potential to transform cancer diagnostics, offering higher precision and reduced reliance on invasive procedures. Our aim is to provide a robust knowledge base for researchers at all experience levels, presenting insights on sensor capabilities, metrics, analytical methodologies, and the transformative impact of emerging electronic nose technologies in clinical practice. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-db83133ab8bb40e49498d957d99057fb |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 1424-8220 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-12-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Sensors |
| spelling | doaj-art-db83133ab8bb40e49498d957d99057fb2025-08-20T02:50:41ZengMDPI AGSensors1424-82202024-12-012423786810.3390/s24237868Exploring Components, Sensors, and Techniques for Cancer Detection via eNose Technology: A Systematic ReviewWashington Ramírez0Verónica Pillajo1Eileen Ramírez2Ibeth Manzano3Doris Meza4Departamento de Ciencias de la Computación, Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas ESPE, Av. Gral. Rumiñahui S/N, Sangolquí 171104, EcuadorDepartamento de Informática, Universidad Politécnica Salesiana, Quito 170146, EcuadorFacultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito 170143, EcuadorDepartamento de Ciencias de la Computación, Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas ESPE, Av. Gral. Rumiñahui S/N, Sangolquí 171104, EcuadorFacultad de Ciencias Económicas, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito 170521, EcuadorThis paper offers a systematic review of advancements in electronic nose technologies for early cancer detection with a particular focus on the detection and analysis of volatile organic compounds present in biomarkers such as breath, urine, saliva, and blood. Our objective is to comprehensively explore how these biomarkers can serve as early indicators of various cancers, enhancing diagnostic precision and reducing invasiveness. A total of 120 studies published between 2018 and 2023 were examined through systematic mapping and literature review methodologies, employing the PICOS (Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome, and Study design) methodology to guide the analysis. Of these studies, 65.83% were ranked in Q1 journals, illustrating the scientific rigor of the included research. Our review synthesizes both technical and clinical perspectives, evaluating sensor-based devices such as gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and selected ion flow tube–mass spectrometry with reported incidences of 30 and 8 studies, respectively. Key analytical techniques including Support Vector Machine, Principal Component Analysis, and Artificial Neural Networks were identified as the most prevalent, appearing in 22, 24, and 13 studies, respectively. While substantial improvements in detection accuracy and sensitivity are noted, significant challenges persist in sensor optimization, data integration, and adaptation into clinical settings. This comprehensive analysis bridges existing research gaps and lays a foundation for the development of non-invasive diagnostic devices. By refining detection technologies and advancing clinical applications, this work has the potential to transform cancer diagnostics, offering higher precision and reduced reliance on invasive procedures. Our aim is to provide a robust knowledge base for researchers at all experience levels, presenting insights on sensor capabilities, metrics, analytical methodologies, and the transformative impact of emerging electronic nose technologies in clinical practice.https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/23/7868cancer detectioneNosebiomarkerscomponentssensorsmachine learning techniques |
| spellingShingle | Washington Ramírez Verónica Pillajo Eileen Ramírez Ibeth Manzano Doris Meza Exploring Components, Sensors, and Techniques for Cancer Detection via eNose Technology: A Systematic Review Sensors cancer detection eNose biomarkers components sensors machine learning techniques |
| title | Exploring Components, Sensors, and Techniques for Cancer Detection via eNose Technology: A Systematic Review |
| title_full | Exploring Components, Sensors, and Techniques for Cancer Detection via eNose Technology: A Systematic Review |
| title_fullStr | Exploring Components, Sensors, and Techniques for Cancer Detection via eNose Technology: A Systematic Review |
| title_full_unstemmed | Exploring Components, Sensors, and Techniques for Cancer Detection via eNose Technology: A Systematic Review |
| title_short | Exploring Components, Sensors, and Techniques for Cancer Detection via eNose Technology: A Systematic Review |
| title_sort | exploring components sensors and techniques for cancer detection via enose technology a systematic review |
| topic | cancer detection eNose biomarkers components sensors machine learning techniques |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/23/7868 |
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