The Disenchantment of Hell and the Emergence of Self-Conscious Individuality: Examining Su Shi’s Philosophy of Disposition

In pre-Song Chinese thought, the afterlife, or the subterranean realm was a sacred space distinctly separate from the world of the living, an extension of the political–religious–cultural order of the Chinese empire. Even after the introduction of Buddhism to China, although the Buddhist concept of...

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Main Authors: Shuang Xu, Yicai Ni
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2025-02-01
Series:Religions
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Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2077-1444/16/2/220
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author Shuang Xu
Yicai Ni
author_facet Shuang Xu
Yicai Ni
author_sort Shuang Xu
collection DOAJ
description In pre-Song Chinese thought, the afterlife, or the subterranean realm was a sacred space distinctly separate from the world of the living, an extension of the political–religious–cultural order of the Chinese empire. Even after the introduction of Buddhism to China, although the Buddhist concept of hell applied karmic retribution to the present life in an attempt to provide ethical norms for real life, the sacredness of the afterlife remained intact. Song Dynasty Chinese thought underwent a profound “modernization” transformation. Su Shi, with the concept of <i>qing</i> 情 [<i>disposition</i>] at its core, disenchanted the sacred afterlife, shaping a new, self-conscious individuality in the interplay between the living and the dead, the finite and the infinite, the mortal and the immortal. This new individuality, with its spiritual spontaneity and freedom, integrated the afterlife with the present world, internalizing infinity and immortality into a utopian spiritual homeland. This free individuality, entirely different from Song-Ming Neo-Confucianism, marking a hidden potential in the development of Chinese intellectual history that has yet to be fully revealed.
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spelling doaj-art-db7ffeb5345f41288efb9d2206bddd9d2025-08-20T02:04:06ZengMDPI AGReligions2077-14442025-02-0116222010.3390/rel16020220The Disenchantment of Hell and the Emergence of Self-Conscious Individuality: Examining Su Shi’s Philosophy of DispositionShuang Xu0Yicai Ni1School of Marxism, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, ChinaSchool of Philosophy, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, ChinaIn pre-Song Chinese thought, the afterlife, or the subterranean realm was a sacred space distinctly separate from the world of the living, an extension of the political–religious–cultural order of the Chinese empire. Even after the introduction of Buddhism to China, although the Buddhist concept of hell applied karmic retribution to the present life in an attempt to provide ethical norms for real life, the sacredness of the afterlife remained intact. Song Dynasty Chinese thought underwent a profound “modernization” transformation. Su Shi, with the concept of <i>qing</i> 情 [<i>disposition</i>] at its core, disenchanted the sacred afterlife, shaping a new, self-conscious individuality in the interplay between the living and the dead, the finite and the infinite, the mortal and the immortal. This new individuality, with its spiritual spontaneity and freedom, integrated the afterlife with the present world, internalizing infinity and immortality into a utopian spiritual homeland. This free individuality, entirely different from Song-Ming Neo-Confucianism, marking a hidden potential in the development of Chinese intellectual history that has yet to be fully revealed.https://www.mdpi.com/2077-1444/16/2/220Su ShihelldisenchantmentindividualitydispositionChinese intellectual history
spellingShingle Shuang Xu
Yicai Ni
The Disenchantment of Hell and the Emergence of Self-Conscious Individuality: Examining Su Shi’s Philosophy of Disposition
Religions
Su Shi
hell
disenchantment
individuality
disposition
Chinese intellectual history
title The Disenchantment of Hell and the Emergence of Self-Conscious Individuality: Examining Su Shi’s Philosophy of Disposition
title_full The Disenchantment of Hell and the Emergence of Self-Conscious Individuality: Examining Su Shi’s Philosophy of Disposition
title_fullStr The Disenchantment of Hell and the Emergence of Self-Conscious Individuality: Examining Su Shi’s Philosophy of Disposition
title_full_unstemmed The Disenchantment of Hell and the Emergence of Self-Conscious Individuality: Examining Su Shi’s Philosophy of Disposition
title_short The Disenchantment of Hell and the Emergence of Self-Conscious Individuality: Examining Su Shi’s Philosophy of Disposition
title_sort disenchantment of hell and the emergence of self conscious individuality examining su shi s philosophy of disposition
topic Su Shi
hell
disenchantment
individuality
disposition
Chinese intellectual history
url https://www.mdpi.com/2077-1444/16/2/220
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