Sustainable synthesis and advanced optimization of Prosopis juliflora biomass catalyst for efficient biodiesel production and environmental impact assessment
Abstract The present research focuses on developing an innovative biochar-based heterogeneous catalyst from Prosopis Juliflora biomass waste using response surface methodology and genetic algorithm (GA) to optimize pyrolysis parameters, achieving a 46.31% PJBC yield from 60 mg of biomass at 790 °C f...
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Nature Portfolio
2025-02-01
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| Series: | Scientific Reports |
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-88355-z |
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| author | Thota S S Bhaskara Rao Manikandaraja Gnanaprakasam Rajayokkiam Manimaran Dhinesh Balasubramanian Utku Kale Artūras Kilikevičius |
| author_facet | Thota S S Bhaskara Rao Manikandaraja Gnanaprakasam Rajayokkiam Manimaran Dhinesh Balasubramanian Utku Kale Artūras Kilikevičius |
| author_sort | Thota S S Bhaskara Rao |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract The present research focuses on developing an innovative biochar-based heterogeneous catalyst from Prosopis Juliflora biomass waste using response surface methodology and genetic algorithm (GA) to optimize pyrolysis parameters, achieving a 46.31% PJBC yield from 60 mg of biomass at 790 °C for 60 min. The pyrolyzed PJBC is characterized using SEM, FTIR, XRD, EDX, BET, XPS analyses, and physico-chemical measurements to confirm its catalytic activity. Now, the newly synthesized PJBC serves as an efficient catalyst for waste Trichosanthes cucumerina seed biodiesel (WTSB) production from waste Trichosanthes cucumerina seed bio-oil through trans-esterification, achieving a maximum yield of 97.42%. Also, the WTSB exhibits excellent physico-chemical properties that meet most of the ASTM D6751 standards for biodiesel and closely align with the characteristics of conventional diesel fuel. Therefore, this research utilized neat WTSB and WTSB/diesel blends (WTSB25, WTSB50, and WTSB75) in a direct injection (DI) diesel engine at variable load settings. Among all WTSB blends, the WTSB25 blend showed closer variations of 1.65% lower BTE and 9.29% higher BSEC when compared to conventional diesel fuel readings. Its peak in-cylinder pressure and heat release rate were similar to those of diesel fuel at 100% engine load. Emission analysis indicated that the WTSB25 reduced specific HC, CO, and smoke opacity emissions by 8.39%, 13.97%, and 4.18%, respectively. However, specific NO emissions increased slightly by 3.05% compared to diesel fuel. Thus, WTSB25 is validated as a viable diesel alternative requiring no significant engine modifications. The environmental impact, lifecycle and economic feasibility are also discussed. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-db695c77770041278fd2b3896e766b32 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2045-2322 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-02-01 |
| publisher | Nature Portfolio |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Scientific Reports |
| spelling | doaj-art-db695c77770041278fd2b3896e766b322025-02-09T12:37:33ZengNature PortfolioScientific Reports2045-23222025-02-0115113810.1038/s41598-025-88355-zSustainable synthesis and advanced optimization of Prosopis juliflora biomass catalyst for efficient biodiesel production and environmental impact assessmentThota S S Bhaskara Rao0Manikandaraja Gnanaprakasam1Rajayokkiam Manimaran2Dhinesh Balasubramanian3Utku Kale4Artūras Kilikevičius5Department of Mechanical Engineering, Madanapalle Institute of Technology & ScienceSchool of Mechanical Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and TechnologySchool of Mechanical Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and TechnologyDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Mepco Schlenk Engineering CollegeDepartment of Aeronautics, and Naval Architecture, Faculty of Transportation Engineering and Vehicle Engineering, Budapest University of Technology and EconomicsMechanical Science Institute, Vilnius Gediminas Technical UniversityAbstract The present research focuses on developing an innovative biochar-based heterogeneous catalyst from Prosopis Juliflora biomass waste using response surface methodology and genetic algorithm (GA) to optimize pyrolysis parameters, achieving a 46.31% PJBC yield from 60 mg of biomass at 790 °C for 60 min. The pyrolyzed PJBC is characterized using SEM, FTIR, XRD, EDX, BET, XPS analyses, and physico-chemical measurements to confirm its catalytic activity. Now, the newly synthesized PJBC serves as an efficient catalyst for waste Trichosanthes cucumerina seed biodiesel (WTSB) production from waste Trichosanthes cucumerina seed bio-oil through trans-esterification, achieving a maximum yield of 97.42%. Also, the WTSB exhibits excellent physico-chemical properties that meet most of the ASTM D6751 standards for biodiesel and closely align with the characteristics of conventional diesel fuel. Therefore, this research utilized neat WTSB and WTSB/diesel blends (WTSB25, WTSB50, and WTSB75) in a direct injection (DI) diesel engine at variable load settings. Among all WTSB blends, the WTSB25 blend showed closer variations of 1.65% lower BTE and 9.29% higher BSEC when compared to conventional diesel fuel readings. Its peak in-cylinder pressure and heat release rate were similar to those of diesel fuel at 100% engine load. Emission analysis indicated that the WTSB25 reduced specific HC, CO, and smoke opacity emissions by 8.39%, 13.97%, and 4.18%, respectively. However, specific NO emissions increased slightly by 3.05% compared to diesel fuel. Thus, WTSB25 is validated as a viable diesel alternative requiring no significant engine modifications. The environmental impact, lifecycle and economic feasibility are also discussed.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-88355-zPJBC catalystWTSB biodieselRSM-GA optimizationDI diesel engineEnvironmental effects |
| spellingShingle | Thota S S Bhaskara Rao Manikandaraja Gnanaprakasam Rajayokkiam Manimaran Dhinesh Balasubramanian Utku Kale Artūras Kilikevičius Sustainable synthesis and advanced optimization of Prosopis juliflora biomass catalyst for efficient biodiesel production and environmental impact assessment Scientific Reports PJBC catalyst WTSB biodiesel RSM-GA optimization DI diesel engine Environmental effects |
| title | Sustainable synthesis and advanced optimization of Prosopis juliflora biomass catalyst for efficient biodiesel production and environmental impact assessment |
| title_full | Sustainable synthesis and advanced optimization of Prosopis juliflora biomass catalyst for efficient biodiesel production and environmental impact assessment |
| title_fullStr | Sustainable synthesis and advanced optimization of Prosopis juliflora biomass catalyst for efficient biodiesel production and environmental impact assessment |
| title_full_unstemmed | Sustainable synthesis and advanced optimization of Prosopis juliflora biomass catalyst for efficient biodiesel production and environmental impact assessment |
| title_short | Sustainable synthesis and advanced optimization of Prosopis juliflora biomass catalyst for efficient biodiesel production and environmental impact assessment |
| title_sort | sustainable synthesis and advanced optimization of prosopis juliflora biomass catalyst for efficient biodiesel production and environmental impact assessment |
| topic | PJBC catalyst WTSB biodiesel RSM-GA optimization DI diesel engine Environmental effects |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-88355-z |
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