Influence of the pH Synthesis of Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> Magnetic Nanoparticles on Their Applicability for Magnetic Hyperthermia: An In Vitro Analysis
Nanotechnology, specifically magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs), is revolutionizing cancer treatment. Magnetic hyperthermia is a treatment that, using MNPs, can selectively kill cancer cells without causing damage to the surrounding tissues. <b>Background/Objectives</b>: This work aimed to an...
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| author | Bárbara Costa Eurico Pereira Vital C. Ferreira-Filho Ana Salomé Pires Laura C. J. Pereira Paula I. P. Soares Maria Filomena Botelho Fernando Mendes Manuel P. F. Graça Sílvia Soreto Teixeira |
| author_facet | Bárbara Costa Eurico Pereira Vital C. Ferreira-Filho Ana Salomé Pires Laura C. J. Pereira Paula I. P. Soares Maria Filomena Botelho Fernando Mendes Manuel P. F. Graça Sílvia Soreto Teixeira |
| author_sort | Bárbara Costa |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Nanotechnology, specifically magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs), is revolutionizing cancer treatment. Magnetic hyperthermia is a treatment that, using MNPs, can selectively kill cancer cells without causing damage to the surrounding tissues. <b>Background/Objectives</b>: This work aimed to analyze how the synthesis conditions, namely, how the pH of the reaction can influence the magnetic properties of Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> nanoparticles for magnetic hyperthermia, using the hydrothermal synthesis. <b>Methods</b>: For the hydrothermal synthesis, FeCl<sub>3</sub>·6H<sub>2</sub>O and FeCl<sub>2</sub>·4H<sub>2</sub>O were mixed with different quantities of NaOH to adjust the pH. After obtaining a black precipitate, the samples were placed in an autoclave at 200 °C for 60 h, followed by a washing and drying phase. The obtained MNPs were analyzed using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Transmission Electron Microscopy, a Superconducting Quantum Interference Device, Specific Absorption Rate analysis, and cytotoxicity assays. <b>Results</b>: Different MNPs were analyzed (9.06 < pH < 12.75). The XRD results showed the presence of various iron oxide phases (magnetite, maghemite, and hematite), resulting from the oxidization of the iron phases present in the autoclave. In terms of the average particle size, it was verified that, by increasing the pH value, the size decreases (from 53.53 nm to 9.49 nm). Additionally, MNPs possess a superparamagnetic behaviour with high SAR values (above 69.3 W/g). <b>Conclusions</b>: It was found that the pH of the reaction can influence the size, morphology, magnetization, and thermal efficiency of the MNP. The MNP with the highest composition of Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> was synthesized with a pH of 12.75, with a cubic morphology and a SAR value of 92.7 ± 3.2 W/g. |
| format | Article |
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| institution | Kabale University |
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| language | English |
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| spelling | doaj-art-db66ea054e394d38b11577a1e054bad12025-08-20T03:32:27ZengMDPI AGPharmaceutics1999-49232025-06-0117784410.3390/pharmaceutics17070844Influence of the pH Synthesis of Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> Magnetic Nanoparticles on Their Applicability for Magnetic Hyperthermia: An In Vitro AnalysisBárbara Costa0Eurico Pereira1Vital C. Ferreira-Filho2Ana Salomé Pires3Laura C. J. Pereira4Paula I. P. Soares5Maria Filomena Botelho6Fernando Mendes7Manuel P. F. Graça8Sílvia Soreto Teixeira9i3N, Physics Department, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, PortugalCoimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR) Area of Environment Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Institute of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade de Coimbra, Pólo III—Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, PortugalCentro de Ciências e Tecnologias Nucleares, C<sup>2</sup>TN, DECN, Instituto Superior Técnico, University of Lisbon, 2695-066 Bobadela, PortugalCoimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR) Area of Environment Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Institute of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade de Coimbra, Pólo III—Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, PortugalCentro de Ciências e Tecnologias Nucleares, C<sup>2</sup>TN, DECN, Instituto Superior Técnico, University of Lisbon, 2695-066 Bobadela, Portugali3N/CENIMAT, Department of Materials Science, School of Science and Technology, Nova University of Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, PortugalCoimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR) Area of Environment Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Institute of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade de Coimbra, Pólo III—Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, PortugalCoimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR) Area of Environment Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Institute of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade de Coimbra, Pólo III—Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugali3N, Physics Department, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugali3N, Physics Department, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, PortugalNanotechnology, specifically magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs), is revolutionizing cancer treatment. Magnetic hyperthermia is a treatment that, using MNPs, can selectively kill cancer cells without causing damage to the surrounding tissues. <b>Background/Objectives</b>: This work aimed to analyze how the synthesis conditions, namely, how the pH of the reaction can influence the magnetic properties of Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> nanoparticles for magnetic hyperthermia, using the hydrothermal synthesis. <b>Methods</b>: For the hydrothermal synthesis, FeCl<sub>3</sub>·6H<sub>2</sub>O and FeCl<sub>2</sub>·4H<sub>2</sub>O were mixed with different quantities of NaOH to adjust the pH. After obtaining a black precipitate, the samples were placed in an autoclave at 200 °C for 60 h, followed by a washing and drying phase. The obtained MNPs were analyzed using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Transmission Electron Microscopy, a Superconducting Quantum Interference Device, Specific Absorption Rate analysis, and cytotoxicity assays. <b>Results</b>: Different MNPs were analyzed (9.06 < pH < 12.75). The XRD results showed the presence of various iron oxide phases (magnetite, maghemite, and hematite), resulting from the oxidization of the iron phases present in the autoclave. In terms of the average particle size, it was verified that, by increasing the pH value, the size decreases (from 53.53 nm to 9.49 nm). Additionally, MNPs possess a superparamagnetic behaviour with high SAR values (above 69.3 W/g). <b>Conclusions</b>: It was found that the pH of the reaction can influence the size, morphology, magnetization, and thermal efficiency of the MNP. The MNP with the highest composition of Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> was synthesized with a pH of 12.75, with a cubic morphology and a SAR value of 92.7 ± 3.2 W/g.https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4923/17/7/844hydrothermal synthesismagnetic hyperthermiamagnetiteNaOHSAR |
| spellingShingle | Bárbara Costa Eurico Pereira Vital C. Ferreira-Filho Ana Salomé Pires Laura C. J. Pereira Paula I. P. Soares Maria Filomena Botelho Fernando Mendes Manuel P. F. Graça Sílvia Soreto Teixeira Influence of the pH Synthesis of Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> Magnetic Nanoparticles on Their Applicability for Magnetic Hyperthermia: An In Vitro Analysis Pharmaceutics hydrothermal synthesis magnetic hyperthermia magnetite NaOH SAR |
| title | Influence of the pH Synthesis of Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> Magnetic Nanoparticles on Their Applicability for Magnetic Hyperthermia: An In Vitro Analysis |
| title_full | Influence of the pH Synthesis of Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> Magnetic Nanoparticles on Their Applicability for Magnetic Hyperthermia: An In Vitro Analysis |
| title_fullStr | Influence of the pH Synthesis of Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> Magnetic Nanoparticles on Their Applicability for Magnetic Hyperthermia: An In Vitro Analysis |
| title_full_unstemmed | Influence of the pH Synthesis of Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> Magnetic Nanoparticles on Their Applicability for Magnetic Hyperthermia: An In Vitro Analysis |
| title_short | Influence of the pH Synthesis of Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> Magnetic Nanoparticles on Their Applicability for Magnetic Hyperthermia: An In Vitro Analysis |
| title_sort | influence of the ph synthesis of fe sub 3 sub o sub 4 sub magnetic nanoparticles on their applicability for magnetic hyperthermia an in vitro analysis |
| topic | hydrothermal synthesis magnetic hyperthermia magnetite NaOH SAR |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4923/17/7/844 |
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