Comparison of Chromatographic and Electrochemical Methods for Detecting and Quantifying Sunscreen Agents and Their Degradation Products in Water Matrices
Comparing electroanalysis and chromatography, this study highlights that electroanalysis, specifically using a glassy carbon sensor (GCS), is the most appropriate choice for quantifying recalcitrant organic compounds. Octocrylene (OC), an organic compound commonly found in sunscreens, is of particul...
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2025-05-01
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| author | Laysa Renata Duarte Brito Sabino Mayra Kerolly Sales Monteiro Letícia Gracyelle Alexandre Costa Elisama Vieira dos Santos Carlos Alberto Martínez-Huitle Sergio Ferro |
| author_facet | Laysa Renata Duarte Brito Sabino Mayra Kerolly Sales Monteiro Letícia Gracyelle Alexandre Costa Elisama Vieira dos Santos Carlos Alberto Martínez-Huitle Sergio Ferro |
| author_sort | Laysa Renata Duarte Brito Sabino |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Comparing electroanalysis and chromatography, this study highlights that electroanalysis, specifically using a glassy carbon sensor (GCS), is the most appropriate choice for quantifying recalcitrant organic compounds. Octocrylene (OC), an organic compound commonly found in sunscreens, is of particular concern in swimming pool water monitoring, as its presence above legal limits poses health risks. OC quantification was performed using both high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and electroanalysis in sunscreen formulations and water matrices. The limits of detection (LODs) and quantification (LOQ) for OC were approximately 0.11 ± 0.01 mg L<sup>−1</sup> and 0.86 ± 0.04 mg L<sup>−1</sup> by electroanalysis, and 0.35 ± 0.02 mg L<sup>−1</sup> and 2.86 ± 0.12 mg L<sup>−1</sup> by HPLC. Electroanalysis successfully quantified OC in real sunscreen samples, and the results were comparable to those obtained by HPLC. The matrices tested—swimming pool water and distilled water (containing 0.002 M Cl<sup>−</sup>) contaminated with 0.4 ± 0.2 g L<sup>−1</sup> of sunscreen (based on a maximum concentration in sunscreen and cosmetic formulations of 10%)—showed OC concentrations below 10% in the formulation, with no significant differences observed between the two techniques. GCS was further utilized to monitor OC degradation via anodic oxidation at current densities of 5 and 10 mA cm<sup>−2</sup>, using a boron-doped diamond (BDD) anode. The combined approach demonstrated high efficacy in both detecting and eliminating OC from various water matrices, making it a reliable and efficient alternative for environmental and water quality monitoring. |
| format | Article |
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| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 2076-3417 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-05-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Applied Sciences |
| spelling | doaj-art-db19940538e7481ea9ad58ef7741b0172025-08-20T03:14:32ZengMDPI AGApplied Sciences2076-34172025-05-011510550410.3390/app15105504Comparison of Chromatographic and Electrochemical Methods for Detecting and Quantifying Sunscreen Agents and Their Degradation Products in Water MatricesLaysa Renata Duarte Brito Sabino0Mayra Kerolly Sales Monteiro1Letícia Gracyelle Alexandre Costa2Elisama Vieira dos Santos3Carlos Alberto Martínez-Huitle4Sergio Ferro5Renewable Energies and Environmental Sustainability Research Group, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Campus Universitário, Av. Salgado Filho 3000, Lagoa Nova, Natal 59078-970, BrazilRenewable Energies and Environmental Sustainability Research Group, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Campus Universitário, Av. Salgado Filho 3000, Lagoa Nova, Natal 59078-970, BrazilRenewable Energies and Environmental Sustainability Research Group, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Campus Universitário, Av. Salgado Filho 3000, Lagoa Nova, Natal 59078-970, BrazilRenewable Energies and Environmental Sustainability Research Group, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Campus Universitário, Av. Salgado Filho 3000, Lagoa Nova, Natal 59078-970, BrazilRenewable Energies and Environmental Sustainability Research Group, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Campus Universitário, Av. Salgado Filho 3000, Lagoa Nova, Natal 59078-970, BrazilEcas4 Australia Pty, Ltd., Mile End South, SA 5031, AustraliaComparing electroanalysis and chromatography, this study highlights that electroanalysis, specifically using a glassy carbon sensor (GCS), is the most appropriate choice for quantifying recalcitrant organic compounds. Octocrylene (OC), an organic compound commonly found in sunscreens, is of particular concern in swimming pool water monitoring, as its presence above legal limits poses health risks. OC quantification was performed using both high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and electroanalysis in sunscreen formulations and water matrices. The limits of detection (LODs) and quantification (LOQ) for OC were approximately 0.11 ± 0.01 mg L<sup>−1</sup> and 0.86 ± 0.04 mg L<sup>−1</sup> by electroanalysis, and 0.35 ± 0.02 mg L<sup>−1</sup> and 2.86 ± 0.12 mg L<sup>−1</sup> by HPLC. Electroanalysis successfully quantified OC in real sunscreen samples, and the results were comparable to those obtained by HPLC. The matrices tested—swimming pool water and distilled water (containing 0.002 M Cl<sup>−</sup>) contaminated with 0.4 ± 0.2 g L<sup>−1</sup> of sunscreen (based on a maximum concentration in sunscreen and cosmetic formulations of 10%)—showed OC concentrations below 10% in the formulation, with no significant differences observed between the two techniques. GCS was further utilized to monitor OC degradation via anodic oxidation at current densities of 5 and 10 mA cm<sup>−2</sup>, using a boron-doped diamond (BDD) anode. The combined approach demonstrated high efficacy in both detecting and eliminating OC from various water matrices, making it a reliable and efficient alternative for environmental and water quality monitoring.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/15/10/5504octocryleneelectroanalysisglassy carbonboron-doped diamondsunscreensHPLC |
| spellingShingle | Laysa Renata Duarte Brito Sabino Mayra Kerolly Sales Monteiro Letícia Gracyelle Alexandre Costa Elisama Vieira dos Santos Carlos Alberto Martínez-Huitle Sergio Ferro Comparison of Chromatographic and Electrochemical Methods for Detecting and Quantifying Sunscreen Agents and Their Degradation Products in Water Matrices Applied Sciences octocrylene electroanalysis glassy carbon boron-doped diamond sunscreens HPLC |
| title | Comparison of Chromatographic and Electrochemical Methods for Detecting and Quantifying Sunscreen Agents and Their Degradation Products in Water Matrices |
| title_full | Comparison of Chromatographic and Electrochemical Methods for Detecting and Quantifying Sunscreen Agents and Their Degradation Products in Water Matrices |
| title_fullStr | Comparison of Chromatographic and Electrochemical Methods for Detecting and Quantifying Sunscreen Agents and Their Degradation Products in Water Matrices |
| title_full_unstemmed | Comparison of Chromatographic and Electrochemical Methods for Detecting and Quantifying Sunscreen Agents and Their Degradation Products in Water Matrices |
| title_short | Comparison of Chromatographic and Electrochemical Methods for Detecting and Quantifying Sunscreen Agents and Their Degradation Products in Water Matrices |
| title_sort | comparison of chromatographic and electrochemical methods for detecting and quantifying sunscreen agents and their degradation products in water matrices |
| topic | octocrylene electroanalysis glassy carbon boron-doped diamond sunscreens HPLC |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/15/10/5504 |
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