Novel insecticidal properties of bioactive zoochemicals extracted from sea urchin Salmacis virgulata
The present investigation assessed the insecticidal potential of zoo chemicals extracted from the test (skeleton) and spines of the sea urchin Salmacis virgulata against Tribolium castaneum, Aedes aegypti, and the Sf-9 cell line through assays for in vitro acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition, cyt...
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De Gruyter
2025-04-01
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| Series: | Open Chemistry |
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1515/chem-2025-0141 |
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| author | Ramachandran Karnan Vinayagam Ramachandran Govindan Usha Nandhini Bakthavatchalam Senthil Ramalingam Shunmuga Vadivu Marimuthu Sukumaran Hirad Abdurahman Hajinur Wen Zhi-Hong Kang Sang Gu Lo Yi-Hao |
| author_facet | Ramachandran Karnan Vinayagam Ramachandran Govindan Usha Nandhini Bakthavatchalam Senthil Ramalingam Shunmuga Vadivu Marimuthu Sukumaran Hirad Abdurahman Hajinur Wen Zhi-Hong Kang Sang Gu Lo Yi-Hao |
| author_sort | Ramachandran Karnan |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The present investigation assessed the insecticidal potential of zoo chemicals extracted from the test (skeleton) and spines of the sea urchin Salmacis virgulata against Tribolium castaneum, Aedes aegypti, and the Sf-9 cell line through assays for in vitro acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition, cytotoxicity, repellency, larvicidal activity, and in silico modeling. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis of the 50% ethanolic extract identified 40 distinct zoochemicals, including four with known pesticidal properties, from the test and spines of S. virgulata. The zoo extract exhibited promising insecticidal activity, demonstrated by in vitro AChE inhibition with an IC50 of 143.41 µg/ml. Additionally, in vitro cytotoxicity was measured with an EC50 of 194.68 µg/ml, a repellent index (IR) of less than 0.80, and an LC50 for larvicidal toxicity of 153.205 µg/ml. Further statistical and computational techniques confirmed the insecticidal activity of S. virgulata test and spine 50% zoo-extract against T. castaneum and A. aegypti. The identified zoochemicals that are similarly involved in insecticidal activity on all selected insecticide molecular targets have a very strong correlation, with a range of r = 0.977–0.995. This highlights a positive correlation between the insecticide molecular target and strong evidence on zoological insecticides of S. virgulata test and spines against harmful pests through AChE enzyme inhibition, cytotoxicity, repellence, and larvae toxicity. We recommend the utilization of zoo waste from the sea urchin S. virgulata as a promising source of zoological insecticides. These bio-based pesticides offer an eco-friendly approach to pest control through their repellency and toxicity, being readily biodegradable and presenting lower environmental risks compared to synthetic pesticides. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-dacb7ad24ddf41dbb549b6d0a244b827 |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 2391-5420 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-04-01 |
| publisher | De Gruyter |
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| series | Open Chemistry |
| spelling | doaj-art-dacb7ad24ddf41dbb549b6d0a244b8272025-08-20T02:20:03ZengDe GruyterOpen Chemistry2391-54202025-04-01231349950810.1515/chem-2025-0141Novel insecticidal properties of bioactive zoochemicals extracted from sea urchin Salmacis virgulataRamachandran Karnan0Vinayagam Ramachandran1Govindan Usha Nandhini2Bakthavatchalam Senthil3Ramalingam Shunmuga Vadivu4Marimuthu Sukumaran5Hirad Abdurahman Hajinur6Wen Zhi-Hong7Kang Sang Gu8Lo Yi-Hao9PG and Research Department of Zoology, Rajah Serfoji Government College (Autonomous), Affiliated to Bharathidasan University, Thanjavur, 613 005, Tamil Nadu, IndiaDepartment of Biotechnology, College of Life and Applied Sciences, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-Ro, Gyeongsan, Gyeongsangbuk-do, 38541, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Ramapuram, Chennai, 600089, Tamil Nadu, IndiaDepartment of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Ramapuram, Chennai, 600089, Tamil Nadu, IndiaDepartment of Biochemistry, SRM Dental College, Bharathi Salai, Ramapuram, Chennai, 600089, Tamil Nadu, IndiaPG and Research Department of Zoology, Rajah Serfoji Government College (Autonomous), Affiliated to Bharathidasan University, Thanjavur, 613 005, Tamil Nadu, IndiaDepartment of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box. 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi ArabiaNational Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium, Pingtung, 94450, TaiwanDepartment of Biotechnology, College of Life and Applied Sciences, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-Ro, Gyeongsan, Gyeongsangbuk-do, 38541, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Family Medicine, Zuoying Armed Forces General Hospital, Kaohsiung81342, TaiwanThe present investigation assessed the insecticidal potential of zoo chemicals extracted from the test (skeleton) and spines of the sea urchin Salmacis virgulata against Tribolium castaneum, Aedes aegypti, and the Sf-9 cell line through assays for in vitro acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition, cytotoxicity, repellency, larvicidal activity, and in silico modeling. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis of the 50% ethanolic extract identified 40 distinct zoochemicals, including four with known pesticidal properties, from the test and spines of S. virgulata. The zoo extract exhibited promising insecticidal activity, demonstrated by in vitro AChE inhibition with an IC50 of 143.41 µg/ml. Additionally, in vitro cytotoxicity was measured with an EC50 of 194.68 µg/ml, a repellent index (IR) of less than 0.80, and an LC50 for larvicidal toxicity of 153.205 µg/ml. Further statistical and computational techniques confirmed the insecticidal activity of S. virgulata test and spine 50% zoo-extract against T. castaneum and A. aegypti. The identified zoochemicals that are similarly involved in insecticidal activity on all selected insecticide molecular targets have a very strong correlation, with a range of r = 0.977–0.995. This highlights a positive correlation between the insecticide molecular target and strong evidence on zoological insecticides of S. virgulata test and spines against harmful pests through AChE enzyme inhibition, cytotoxicity, repellence, and larvae toxicity. We recommend the utilization of zoo waste from the sea urchin S. virgulata as a promising source of zoological insecticides. These bio-based pesticides offer an eco-friendly approach to pest control through their repellency and toxicity, being readily biodegradable and presenting lower environmental risks compared to synthetic pesticides.https://doi.org/10.1515/chem-2025-0141zoological insecticidezoochemicalssea urchinsalmacis virgulatagreen pesticidezoo-drug |
| spellingShingle | Ramachandran Karnan Vinayagam Ramachandran Govindan Usha Nandhini Bakthavatchalam Senthil Ramalingam Shunmuga Vadivu Marimuthu Sukumaran Hirad Abdurahman Hajinur Wen Zhi-Hong Kang Sang Gu Lo Yi-Hao Novel insecticidal properties of bioactive zoochemicals extracted from sea urchin Salmacis virgulata Open Chemistry zoological insecticide zoochemicals sea urchin salmacis virgulata green pesticide zoo-drug |
| title | Novel insecticidal properties of bioactive zoochemicals extracted from sea urchin Salmacis virgulata |
| title_full | Novel insecticidal properties of bioactive zoochemicals extracted from sea urchin Salmacis virgulata |
| title_fullStr | Novel insecticidal properties of bioactive zoochemicals extracted from sea urchin Salmacis virgulata |
| title_full_unstemmed | Novel insecticidal properties of bioactive zoochemicals extracted from sea urchin Salmacis virgulata |
| title_short | Novel insecticidal properties of bioactive zoochemicals extracted from sea urchin Salmacis virgulata |
| title_sort | novel insecticidal properties of bioactive zoochemicals extracted from sea urchin salmacis virgulata |
| topic | zoological insecticide zoochemicals sea urchin salmacis virgulata green pesticide zoo-drug |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1515/chem-2025-0141 |
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