Underwater Magnetic Sensors Network

This study explores the design and performance of an underwater magnetic sensor network (UMSN) tailored for intrusion detection in complex environments such as riverbeds and areas with dense vegetation. The system utilizes wireless sensor network (WSN) principles and integrates AMR-based magnetic se...

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Main Authors: Arkadiusz Adamczyk, Maciej Klebba, Mariusz Wąż, Ivan Pavić
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2025-04-01
Series:Sensors
Subjects:
Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/25/8/2493
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author Arkadiusz Adamczyk
Maciej Klebba
Mariusz Wąż
Ivan Pavić
author_facet Arkadiusz Adamczyk
Maciej Klebba
Mariusz Wąż
Ivan Pavić
author_sort Arkadiusz Adamczyk
collection DOAJ
description This study explores the design and performance of an underwater magnetic sensor network (UMSN) tailored for intrusion detection in complex environments such as riverbeds and areas with dense vegetation. The system utilizes wireless sensor network (WSN) principles and integrates AMR-based magnetic sensors (e.g., LSM303AGR) with MEMS-based accelerometers to provide accurate and high-resolution magnetic field measurements. Extensive calibration techniques were employed to correct hard-iron and soft-iron distortions, ensuring reliable performance in fluctuating environmental conditions. Field tests included both controlled setups and real-world scenarios, such as detecting intrusions across river sections, shorelines, and coordinated land-water activities. The results showed detection rates consistently above 90%, with response times averaging 2.5 s and a maximum detection range of 5 m. The system also performed well under adverse weather conditions, including fog and rain, demonstrating its adaptability. The findings underline the potential of UMSN as a scalable and cost-efficient solution for monitoring sensitive areas. By addressing the limitations of traditional surveillance systems, this research offers a practical framework for enhancing security in critical regions, laying the groundwork for future developments in magnetic sensor technology.
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spelling doaj-art-dac9a6652ae94fbfade50226dd746f562025-08-20T02:25:02ZengMDPI AGSensors1424-82202025-04-01258249310.3390/s25082493Underwater Magnetic Sensors NetworkArkadiusz Adamczyk0Maciej Klebba1Mariusz Wąż2Ivan Pavić3Faculty of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Institute of Electrical Engineering, Polish Naval Academy, Śmidowicza 69 Str., 81-127 Gdynia, PolandFaculty of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Institute of Electrical Engineering, Polish Naval Academy, Śmidowicza 69 Str., 81-127 Gdynia, PolandFaculty of Navigation and Ship Armament, Polish Naval Academy, Śmidowicza 69 Str., 81-127 Gdynia, PolandDepartment for Marine Electrical Engineering and Information Technologies, Faculty of Maritime Studies, Ruđera Boškovića 37, 21000 Split, CroatiaThis study explores the design and performance of an underwater magnetic sensor network (UMSN) tailored for intrusion detection in complex environments such as riverbeds and areas with dense vegetation. The system utilizes wireless sensor network (WSN) principles and integrates AMR-based magnetic sensors (e.g., LSM303AGR) with MEMS-based accelerometers to provide accurate and high-resolution magnetic field measurements. Extensive calibration techniques were employed to correct hard-iron and soft-iron distortions, ensuring reliable performance in fluctuating environmental conditions. Field tests included both controlled setups and real-world scenarios, such as detecting intrusions across river sections, shorelines, and coordinated land-water activities. The results showed detection rates consistently above 90%, with response times averaging 2.5 s and a maximum detection range of 5 m. The system also performed well under adverse weather conditions, including fog and rain, demonstrating its adaptability. The findings underline the potential of UMSN as a scalable and cost-efficient solution for monitoring sensitive areas. By addressing the limitations of traditional surveillance systems, this research offers a practical framework for enhancing security in critical regions, laying the groundwork for future developments in magnetic sensor technology.https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/25/8/2493underwater surveillancemagnetic sensorsunderwater sensing and detection
spellingShingle Arkadiusz Adamczyk
Maciej Klebba
Mariusz Wąż
Ivan Pavić
Underwater Magnetic Sensors Network
Sensors
underwater surveillance
magnetic sensors
underwater sensing and detection
title Underwater Magnetic Sensors Network
title_full Underwater Magnetic Sensors Network
title_fullStr Underwater Magnetic Sensors Network
title_full_unstemmed Underwater Magnetic Sensors Network
title_short Underwater Magnetic Sensors Network
title_sort underwater magnetic sensors network
topic underwater surveillance
magnetic sensors
underwater sensing and detection
url https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/25/8/2493
work_keys_str_mv AT arkadiuszadamczyk underwatermagneticsensorsnetwork
AT maciejklebba underwatermagneticsensorsnetwork
AT mariuszwaz underwatermagneticsensorsnetwork
AT ivanpavic underwatermagneticsensorsnetwork