Phytotoxic effects of petroleum hydrocarbons on germination and growth of the native halophyte Salicornia sinus persica in oil contaminated soil

Abstract The release of petroleum hydrocarbons (PHCs) into the environment is primarily linked to petroleum industry activities, including drilling, exploration, storage, and related processes. The spillage of PHCs into the environment poses significant threats to ecosystems and can lead to serious...

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Main Authors: Mohammad Kamranifar, Hamidreaza Pourzamani, Rasoul Khosravi, Gholamhassan Ranjbar, Karim Ebrahimpour
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Nature Portfolio 2025-03-01
Series:Scientific Reports
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Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-92512-9
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author Mohammad Kamranifar
Hamidreaza Pourzamani
Rasoul Khosravi
Gholamhassan Ranjbar
Karim Ebrahimpour
author_facet Mohammad Kamranifar
Hamidreaza Pourzamani
Rasoul Khosravi
Gholamhassan Ranjbar
Karim Ebrahimpour
author_sort Mohammad Kamranifar
collection DOAJ
description Abstract The release of petroleum hydrocarbons (PHCs) into the environment is primarily linked to petroleum industry activities, including drilling, exploration, storage, and related processes. The spillage of PHCs into the environment poses significant threats to ecosystems and can lead to serious risks to human health, the environment, and plants. This research aims to investigate the phytotoxic effect of petroleum sludge on the germination and growth characteristics of Salicornia sinus-persica. This study was conducted in a greenhouse using pots to examine the effects of varying concentrations of PHCs on plant growth. Petroleum sludge at concentrations of 0, 0.2, 1, 2, 4, and 8% (w/w) was used to prepare PHC-contaminated soils. In some pots, biochar, and vermicompost were added to them in order to evaluate the effect of soil amendments on plants. The study evaluated several parameters, including seed germination, fresh and dry biomass weight, number of lateral stems, stem and root lengths, and chlorophyll a, b, total chlorophyll, and carotenoids. The results of this study showed that petroleum contamination had negative effects on the growth parameters of Salicornia sinus persica and photosynthetic pigments. However, the addition of biochar and vermicompost as soil amendments improved plant growth under contaminated conditions. Salicornia dried after 1 month in oil-contaminated soils with a concentration of 8% in all soil treatments, which indicated its high toxicity to the plant.
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spelling doaj-art-dac74884af0a4b0cb8b623d043f245d22025-08-20T03:01:41ZengNature PortfolioScientific Reports2045-23222025-03-0115111110.1038/s41598-025-92512-9Phytotoxic effects of petroleum hydrocarbons on germination and growth of the native halophyte Salicornia sinus persica in oil contaminated soilMohammad Kamranifar0Hamidreaza Pourzamani1Rasoul Khosravi2Gholamhassan Ranjbar3Karim Ebrahimpour4Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical SciencesDepartment of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical SciencesDepartment of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Birjand University of Medical SciencesNational Salinity Research Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO)Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical SciencesAbstract The release of petroleum hydrocarbons (PHCs) into the environment is primarily linked to petroleum industry activities, including drilling, exploration, storage, and related processes. The spillage of PHCs into the environment poses significant threats to ecosystems and can lead to serious risks to human health, the environment, and plants. This research aims to investigate the phytotoxic effect of petroleum sludge on the germination and growth characteristics of Salicornia sinus-persica. This study was conducted in a greenhouse using pots to examine the effects of varying concentrations of PHCs on plant growth. Petroleum sludge at concentrations of 0, 0.2, 1, 2, 4, and 8% (w/w) was used to prepare PHC-contaminated soils. In some pots, biochar, and vermicompost were added to them in order to evaluate the effect of soil amendments on plants. The study evaluated several parameters, including seed germination, fresh and dry biomass weight, number of lateral stems, stem and root lengths, and chlorophyll a, b, total chlorophyll, and carotenoids. The results of this study showed that petroleum contamination had negative effects on the growth parameters of Salicornia sinus persica and photosynthetic pigments. However, the addition of biochar and vermicompost as soil amendments improved plant growth under contaminated conditions. Salicornia dried after 1 month in oil-contaminated soils with a concentration of 8% in all soil treatments, which indicated its high toxicity to the plant.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-92512-9Petroleum hydrocarbonsGerminationSalicorniaHalophyte plants
spellingShingle Mohammad Kamranifar
Hamidreaza Pourzamani
Rasoul Khosravi
Gholamhassan Ranjbar
Karim Ebrahimpour
Phytotoxic effects of petroleum hydrocarbons on germination and growth of the native halophyte Salicornia sinus persica in oil contaminated soil
Scientific Reports
Petroleum hydrocarbons
Germination
Salicornia
Halophyte plants
title Phytotoxic effects of petroleum hydrocarbons on germination and growth of the native halophyte Salicornia sinus persica in oil contaminated soil
title_full Phytotoxic effects of petroleum hydrocarbons on germination and growth of the native halophyte Salicornia sinus persica in oil contaminated soil
title_fullStr Phytotoxic effects of petroleum hydrocarbons on germination and growth of the native halophyte Salicornia sinus persica in oil contaminated soil
title_full_unstemmed Phytotoxic effects of petroleum hydrocarbons on germination and growth of the native halophyte Salicornia sinus persica in oil contaminated soil
title_short Phytotoxic effects of petroleum hydrocarbons on germination and growth of the native halophyte Salicornia sinus persica in oil contaminated soil
title_sort phytotoxic effects of petroleum hydrocarbons on germination and growth of the native halophyte salicornia sinus persica in oil contaminated soil
topic Petroleum hydrocarbons
Germination
Salicornia
Halophyte plants
url https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-92512-9
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