Efficacy of Residual Ozone on Surrogate Microorganisms for Waterborne Pathogens in Bottled Water
Ozone is a powerful disinfectant that is widely used in the bottled water (BW) industry. Primary ozone disinfection of water for bottling occurs in a reaction tank with a specific contact time. Residual ozone in the bottled water may still possess disinfection activity. The purpose of this study was...
Saved in:
| Main Authors: | , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Elsevier
2025-05-01
|
| Series: | Journal of Food Protection |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0362028X25000675 |
| Tags: |
Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
|
| _version_ | 1849715214610595840 |
|---|---|
| author | William Ryan Schwaner Sanjay Kumar Harshavardhan Thippareddi |
| author_facet | William Ryan Schwaner Sanjay Kumar Harshavardhan Thippareddi |
| author_sort | William Ryan Schwaner |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Ozone is a powerful disinfectant that is widely used in the bottled water (BW) industry. Primary ozone disinfection of water for bottling occurs in a reaction tank with a specific contact time. Residual ozone in the bottled water may still possess disinfection activity. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of residual ozone in BW in reducing the populations of surrogate microorganisms for waterborne pathogens (Escherichia coli [BAA-1427], Enterococcus faecalis [ATCC 19433] and Burkholderia cepacia [ATCC 25416]). The effect of water pH and total dissolved solids (TDS) on the disinfection process was also evaluated. A pilot scale ozone delivery system and filler were assembled to allow filling of 0.5 L polyethylene terephthalate (PET) plastic water bottles with ozonated (0.1, 0.2, 0.3, and 0.4 mg/L) water. Ozonated water was inoculated with microorganisms to attain ca. 6.0 log and 4.0 log CFU/mL, and microbial populations were determined after 5, 30, 60, and 180 min at 25 °C. Samples (100 mL) were filtered through Neogen NEO-GRID membrane filters and placed on tryptic soy agar, incubated for 48 h at 37 °C, and enumerated. Ozone dissipation in BW was measured with and without biological load (6.0 log CFU/mL) at 21 and 38°C for 6 h. Greater reductions (P ≤ 0.05) in E. faecalis (4.61 and 3.68 log CFU/mL) and B. cepacia (5.24 and 4.12 log CFU/mL) were observed at 0.4 and 0.1 mg/L ozone in BW, respectively. Longer contact time (>5 min) did not result in greater reduction (P > 0.05) in microbial populations. Faster ozone dissipation (P ≤ 0.05) was observed at 38 °C and the dissipation rate increased with biological load. Except at higher pH (9.0) and TDS (50 and 300 mg/L) concentrations, the residual ozone in BW (≥0.1 mg/L) can provide ≥4.0 log reductions in pathogen surrogates E. coli, E. faecalis, and B. cepacia, providing an additional measure of microbiological safety in BW. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-daaa2e352f7f43cfa00e91de894199ac |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 0362-028X |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-05-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Journal of Food Protection |
| spelling | doaj-art-daaa2e352f7f43cfa00e91de894199ac2025-08-20T03:13:29ZengElsevierJournal of Food Protection0362-028X2025-05-0188610051510.1016/j.jfp.2025.100515Efficacy of Residual Ozone on Surrogate Microorganisms for Waterborne Pathogens in Bottled WaterWilliam Ryan Schwaner0Sanjay Kumar1Harshavardhan Thippareddi2Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588, United States; Quality Assurance and Food Safety, Niagara Bottling LLC, Diamond Bar, CA 91765, United StatesQuality Assurance and Food Safety, Niagara Bottling LLC, Diamond Bar, CA 91765, United States; Corresponding author.Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, United StatesOzone is a powerful disinfectant that is widely used in the bottled water (BW) industry. Primary ozone disinfection of water for bottling occurs in a reaction tank with a specific contact time. Residual ozone in the bottled water may still possess disinfection activity. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of residual ozone in BW in reducing the populations of surrogate microorganisms for waterborne pathogens (Escherichia coli [BAA-1427], Enterococcus faecalis [ATCC 19433] and Burkholderia cepacia [ATCC 25416]). The effect of water pH and total dissolved solids (TDS) on the disinfection process was also evaluated. A pilot scale ozone delivery system and filler were assembled to allow filling of 0.5 L polyethylene terephthalate (PET) plastic water bottles with ozonated (0.1, 0.2, 0.3, and 0.4 mg/L) water. Ozonated water was inoculated with microorganisms to attain ca. 6.0 log and 4.0 log CFU/mL, and microbial populations were determined after 5, 30, 60, and 180 min at 25 °C. Samples (100 mL) were filtered through Neogen NEO-GRID membrane filters and placed on tryptic soy agar, incubated for 48 h at 37 °C, and enumerated. Ozone dissipation in BW was measured with and without biological load (6.0 log CFU/mL) at 21 and 38°C for 6 h. Greater reductions (P ≤ 0.05) in E. faecalis (4.61 and 3.68 log CFU/mL) and B. cepacia (5.24 and 4.12 log CFU/mL) were observed at 0.4 and 0.1 mg/L ozone in BW, respectively. Longer contact time (>5 min) did not result in greater reduction (P > 0.05) in microbial populations. Faster ozone dissipation (P ≤ 0.05) was observed at 38 °C and the dissipation rate increased with biological load. Except at higher pH (9.0) and TDS (50 and 300 mg/L) concentrations, the residual ozone in BW (≥0.1 mg/L) can provide ≥4.0 log reductions in pathogen surrogates E. coli, E. faecalis, and B. cepacia, providing an additional measure of microbiological safety in BW.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0362028X25000675Bottled WaterDisinfectionOzoneSurrogate bacteria |
| spellingShingle | William Ryan Schwaner Sanjay Kumar Harshavardhan Thippareddi Efficacy of Residual Ozone on Surrogate Microorganisms for Waterborne Pathogens in Bottled Water Journal of Food Protection Bottled Water Disinfection Ozone Surrogate bacteria |
| title | Efficacy of Residual Ozone on Surrogate Microorganisms for Waterborne Pathogens in Bottled Water |
| title_full | Efficacy of Residual Ozone on Surrogate Microorganisms for Waterborne Pathogens in Bottled Water |
| title_fullStr | Efficacy of Residual Ozone on Surrogate Microorganisms for Waterborne Pathogens in Bottled Water |
| title_full_unstemmed | Efficacy of Residual Ozone on Surrogate Microorganisms for Waterborne Pathogens in Bottled Water |
| title_short | Efficacy of Residual Ozone on Surrogate Microorganisms for Waterborne Pathogens in Bottled Water |
| title_sort | efficacy of residual ozone on surrogate microorganisms for waterborne pathogens in bottled water |
| topic | Bottled Water Disinfection Ozone Surrogate bacteria |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0362028X25000675 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT williamryanschwaner efficacyofresidualozoneonsurrogatemicroorganismsforwaterbornepathogensinbottledwater AT sanjaykumar efficacyofresidualozoneonsurrogatemicroorganismsforwaterbornepathogensinbottledwater AT harshavardhanthippareddi efficacyofresidualozoneonsurrogatemicroorganismsforwaterbornepathogensinbottledwater |