Spectrum of γ-Secretase dysfunction as a unifying predictor of ADAD age at onset across PSEN1, PSEN2 and APP causal genes
Abstract Background Autosomal Dominant Alzheimer's Disease (ADAD), caused by mutations in Presenilins (PSEN1/2) and Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP) genes, typically manifests with early onset (< 65 years). Age at symptom onset (AAO) is relatively consistent among carriers of the same PSEN1 m...
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BMC
2025-04-01
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| Series: | Molecular Neurodegeneration |
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1186/s13024-025-00832-1 |
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| author | Sara Gutiérrez Fernández Cristina Gan Oria Dieter Petit Wim Annaert John M. Ringman Nick C. Fox Natalie S. Ryan Lucía Chávez-Gutiérrez |
| author_facet | Sara Gutiérrez Fernández Cristina Gan Oria Dieter Petit Wim Annaert John M. Ringman Nick C. Fox Natalie S. Ryan Lucía Chávez-Gutiérrez |
| author_sort | Sara Gutiérrez Fernández |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Background Autosomal Dominant Alzheimer's Disease (ADAD), caused by mutations in Presenilins (PSEN1/2) and Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP) genes, typically manifests with early onset (< 65 years). Age at symptom onset (AAO) is relatively consistent among carriers of the same PSEN1 mutation, but more variable for PSEN2 and APP variants, with these mutations associated with later AAOs than PSEN1. Understanding this clinical variability is crucial for understanding disease mechanisms, developing predictive models and tailored interventions in ADAD, with potential implications for sporadic AD. Methods We performed biochemical assessment of γ-secretase dysfunction on 28 PSEN2 and 19 APP mutations, including disease-associated, unclear and benign variants. This analysis has been valuable in the assessment of PSEN1 variant pathogenicity, disease onset and progression. Results Our analysis reveals linear correlations between the molecular composition of Aβ profiles and AAO for both PSEN2 (R2 = 0.52) and APP (R2 = 0.69) mutations. The integration of PSEN1, PSEN2 and APP correlation data shows parallel but shifted lines, suggesting a common pathogenic mechanism with gene-specific shifts in onset. We found overall “delays” in AAOs of 27 years for PSEN2 and 8 years for APP variants, compared to PSEN1. Notably, extremely inactivating PSEN1 variants delayed onset, suggesting that reduced contribution to brain APP processing underlies the later onset of PSEN2 variants. Conclusion This study supports a unified model of ADAD pathogenesis wherein γ-secretase dysfunction and the resulting shifts in Aβ profiles are central to disease onset across all causal genes. While similar shifts in Aβ occur across causal genes, their impact on AAO varies in the function of their contribution to APP processing in the brain. This biochemical analysis establishes quantitative relationships that enable predictive AAO modelling with implications for clinical practice and genetic research. Our findings also support the development of therapeutic strategies modulating γ-secretase across different genetic ADAD forms and potentially more broadly in AD. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-d9d8ca71f99445e9a334ef459f67b548 |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 1750-1326 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-04-01 |
| publisher | BMC |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Molecular Neurodegeneration |
| spelling | doaj-art-d9d8ca71f99445e9a334ef459f67b5482025-08-20T02:30:18ZengBMCMolecular Neurodegeneration1750-13262025-04-0120112110.1186/s13024-025-00832-1Spectrum of γ-Secretase dysfunction as a unifying predictor of ADAD age at onset across PSEN1, PSEN2 and APP causal genesSara Gutiérrez Fernández0Cristina Gan Oria1Dieter Petit2Wim Annaert3John M. Ringman4Nick C. Fox5Natalie S. Ryan6Lucía Chávez-Gutiérrez7VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease ResearchVIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease ResearchVIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease ResearchVIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease ResearchDepartment of Neurology, Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Center for Health Professions, University of Southern CaliforniaDementia Research Institute at UCL, Queen SquareDementia Research Institute at UCL, Queen SquareVIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease ResearchAbstract Background Autosomal Dominant Alzheimer's Disease (ADAD), caused by mutations in Presenilins (PSEN1/2) and Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP) genes, typically manifests with early onset (< 65 years). Age at symptom onset (AAO) is relatively consistent among carriers of the same PSEN1 mutation, but more variable for PSEN2 and APP variants, with these mutations associated with later AAOs than PSEN1. Understanding this clinical variability is crucial for understanding disease mechanisms, developing predictive models and tailored interventions in ADAD, with potential implications for sporadic AD. Methods We performed biochemical assessment of γ-secretase dysfunction on 28 PSEN2 and 19 APP mutations, including disease-associated, unclear and benign variants. This analysis has been valuable in the assessment of PSEN1 variant pathogenicity, disease onset and progression. Results Our analysis reveals linear correlations between the molecular composition of Aβ profiles and AAO for both PSEN2 (R2 = 0.52) and APP (R2 = 0.69) mutations. The integration of PSEN1, PSEN2 and APP correlation data shows parallel but shifted lines, suggesting a common pathogenic mechanism with gene-specific shifts in onset. We found overall “delays” in AAOs of 27 years for PSEN2 and 8 years for APP variants, compared to PSEN1. Notably, extremely inactivating PSEN1 variants delayed onset, suggesting that reduced contribution to brain APP processing underlies the later onset of PSEN2 variants. Conclusion This study supports a unified model of ADAD pathogenesis wherein γ-secretase dysfunction and the resulting shifts in Aβ profiles are central to disease onset across all causal genes. While similar shifts in Aβ occur across causal genes, their impact on AAO varies in the function of their contribution to APP processing in the brain. This biochemical analysis establishes quantitative relationships that enable predictive AAO modelling with implications for clinical practice and genetic research. Our findings also support the development of therapeutic strategies modulating γ-secretase across different genetic ADAD forms and potentially more broadly in AD.https://doi.org/10.1186/s13024-025-00832-1PresenilinAPPAmyloid-βAge at dementia onset and Familial Alzheimer’s diseaseAutosomal dominant Alzheimer’s disease |
| spellingShingle | Sara Gutiérrez Fernández Cristina Gan Oria Dieter Petit Wim Annaert John M. Ringman Nick C. Fox Natalie S. Ryan Lucía Chávez-Gutiérrez Spectrum of γ-Secretase dysfunction as a unifying predictor of ADAD age at onset across PSEN1, PSEN2 and APP causal genes Molecular Neurodegeneration Presenilin APP Amyloid-β Age at dementia onset and Familial Alzheimer’s disease Autosomal dominant Alzheimer’s disease |
| title | Spectrum of γ-Secretase dysfunction as a unifying predictor of ADAD age at onset across PSEN1, PSEN2 and APP causal genes |
| title_full | Spectrum of γ-Secretase dysfunction as a unifying predictor of ADAD age at onset across PSEN1, PSEN2 and APP causal genes |
| title_fullStr | Spectrum of γ-Secretase dysfunction as a unifying predictor of ADAD age at onset across PSEN1, PSEN2 and APP causal genes |
| title_full_unstemmed | Spectrum of γ-Secretase dysfunction as a unifying predictor of ADAD age at onset across PSEN1, PSEN2 and APP causal genes |
| title_short | Spectrum of γ-Secretase dysfunction as a unifying predictor of ADAD age at onset across PSEN1, PSEN2 and APP causal genes |
| title_sort | spectrum of γ secretase dysfunction as a unifying predictor of adad age at onset across psen1 psen2 and app causal genes |
| topic | Presenilin APP Amyloid-β Age at dementia onset and Familial Alzheimer’s disease Autosomal dominant Alzheimer’s disease |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1186/s13024-025-00832-1 |
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