A comparative study of explicit and implicit Large Eddy simulations using a high-order discontinuous Galerkin solver: Application to a Formula 1 front wing

This paper explores two Large Eddy Simulation (LES) approaches within the framework of the high-order discontinuous Galerkin solver, Horses3D. The investigation focuses on an Inverted Multi-element Wing in Ground Effect (i.e. 2.5D Imperial Front Wing section) representing a Formula 1 front wing, and...

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Main Authors: Gerasimos Ntoukas, Gonzalo Rubio, Oscar Marino, Alexandra Liosi, Francesco Bottone, Julien Hoessler, Esteban Ferrer
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Elsevier 2025-03-01
Series:Results in Engineering
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Online Access:http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590123025005043
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author Gerasimos Ntoukas
Gonzalo Rubio
Oscar Marino
Alexandra Liosi
Francesco Bottone
Julien Hoessler
Esteban Ferrer
author_facet Gerasimos Ntoukas
Gonzalo Rubio
Oscar Marino
Alexandra Liosi
Francesco Bottone
Julien Hoessler
Esteban Ferrer
author_sort Gerasimos Ntoukas
collection DOAJ
description This paper explores two Large Eddy Simulation (LES) approaches within the framework of the high-order discontinuous Galerkin solver, Horses3D. The investigation focuses on an Inverted Multi-element Wing in Ground Effect (i.e. 2.5D Imperial Front Wing section) representing a Formula 1 front wing, and compares the strengths and limitations of the two LES methods.The explicit LES formulation relies on the Vreman model that adapts to laminar, transitional and turbulent regimes. The numerical formulation uses nodal basis functions and Gauss points. The implicit LES formulation does not require explicit turbulence modeling but relies in the discretization scheme. We use the Kennedy-Gruber kinetic energy preserving formulation to enhance stability in under-resolved simulations, since we recover the continuous properties such as energy conservation at a discrete level. This formulation employs Gauss-Lobatto points, which downgrades the accuracy of integration but allows for larger time steps in explicit time integration.We compare our results to Nektar++, by Slaughter et al. in Flow, Turbulence and Combustion 110, 917–944 (2023), showing that both LES techniques provide results that agree well with the reference values. The implicit LES shows to better capture transition and allows for larger time steps at a similar cost per iteration. We conclude that this implicit LES formulation is very attractive for complex simulations.
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spelling doaj-art-d99dffd5416e4d969d4758e27a30245a2025-08-20T02:11:11ZengElsevierResults in Engineering2590-12302025-03-012510442510.1016/j.rineng.2025.104425A comparative study of explicit and implicit Large Eddy simulations using a high-order discontinuous Galerkin solver: Application to a Formula 1 front wingGerasimos Ntoukas0Gonzalo Rubio1Oscar Marino2Alexandra Liosi3Francesco Bottone4Julien Hoessler5Esteban Ferrer6Cadence Design Systems, Chaussée de la Hulpe 187, B-1170 Brussels, Belgium; ETSIAE-UPM - School of Aeronautics, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Plaza Cardenal Cisneros 3, E-28040 Madrid, Spain; Corresponding author at: ETSIAE-UPM - School of Aeronautics, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Plaza Cardenal Cisneros 3, E-28040 Madrid, Spain.ETSIAE-UPM - School of Aeronautics, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Plaza Cardenal Cisneros 3, E-28040 Madrid, Spain; Center for Computational Simulation, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Campus de Montegancedo, Boadilla del Monte, 28660 Madrid, SpainETSIAE-UPM - School of Aeronautics, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Plaza Cardenal Cisneros 3, E-28040 Madrid, SpainCFD Methodology Group, McLaren Racing, Woking, United KingdomCFD Methodology Group, McLaren Racing, Woking, United KingdomCFD Methodology Group, McLaren Racing, Woking, United KingdomETSIAE-UPM - School of Aeronautics, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Plaza Cardenal Cisneros 3, E-28040 Madrid, Spain; Center for Computational Simulation, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Campus de Montegancedo, Boadilla del Monte, 28660 Madrid, SpainThis paper explores two Large Eddy Simulation (LES) approaches within the framework of the high-order discontinuous Galerkin solver, Horses3D. The investigation focuses on an Inverted Multi-element Wing in Ground Effect (i.e. 2.5D Imperial Front Wing section) representing a Formula 1 front wing, and compares the strengths and limitations of the two LES methods.The explicit LES formulation relies on the Vreman model that adapts to laminar, transitional and turbulent regimes. The numerical formulation uses nodal basis functions and Gauss points. The implicit LES formulation does not require explicit turbulence modeling but relies in the discretization scheme. We use the Kennedy-Gruber kinetic energy preserving formulation to enhance stability in under-resolved simulations, since we recover the continuous properties such as energy conservation at a discrete level. This formulation employs Gauss-Lobatto points, which downgrades the accuracy of integration but allows for larger time steps in explicit time integration.We compare our results to Nektar++, by Slaughter et al. in Flow, Turbulence and Combustion 110, 917–944 (2023), showing that both LES techniques provide results that agree well with the reference values. The implicit LES shows to better capture transition and allows for larger time steps at a similar cost per iteration. We conclude that this implicit LES formulation is very attractive for complex simulations.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590123025005043High-order discontinuous GalerkinEnergy stableInverted multi-element wing in ground effectImperial front wingFormula 1 front wing
spellingShingle Gerasimos Ntoukas
Gonzalo Rubio
Oscar Marino
Alexandra Liosi
Francesco Bottone
Julien Hoessler
Esteban Ferrer
A comparative study of explicit and implicit Large Eddy simulations using a high-order discontinuous Galerkin solver: Application to a Formula 1 front wing
Results in Engineering
High-order discontinuous Galerkin
Energy stable
Inverted multi-element wing in ground effect
Imperial front wing
Formula 1 front wing
title A comparative study of explicit and implicit Large Eddy simulations using a high-order discontinuous Galerkin solver: Application to a Formula 1 front wing
title_full A comparative study of explicit and implicit Large Eddy simulations using a high-order discontinuous Galerkin solver: Application to a Formula 1 front wing
title_fullStr A comparative study of explicit and implicit Large Eddy simulations using a high-order discontinuous Galerkin solver: Application to a Formula 1 front wing
title_full_unstemmed A comparative study of explicit and implicit Large Eddy simulations using a high-order discontinuous Galerkin solver: Application to a Formula 1 front wing
title_short A comparative study of explicit and implicit Large Eddy simulations using a high-order discontinuous Galerkin solver: Application to a Formula 1 front wing
title_sort comparative study of explicit and implicit large eddy simulations using a high order discontinuous galerkin solver application to a formula 1 front wing
topic High-order discontinuous Galerkin
Energy stable
Inverted multi-element wing in ground effect
Imperial front wing
Formula 1 front wing
url http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590123025005043
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