A comparative study of explicit and implicit Large Eddy simulations using a high-order discontinuous Galerkin solver: Application to a Formula 1 front wing
This paper explores two Large Eddy Simulation (LES) approaches within the framework of the high-order discontinuous Galerkin solver, Horses3D. The investigation focuses on an Inverted Multi-element Wing in Ground Effect (i.e. 2.5D Imperial Front Wing section) representing a Formula 1 front wing, and...
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| Language: | English |
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Elsevier
2025-03-01
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| Series: | Results in Engineering |
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| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590123025005043 |
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| author | Gerasimos Ntoukas Gonzalo Rubio Oscar Marino Alexandra Liosi Francesco Bottone Julien Hoessler Esteban Ferrer |
| author_facet | Gerasimos Ntoukas Gonzalo Rubio Oscar Marino Alexandra Liosi Francesco Bottone Julien Hoessler Esteban Ferrer |
| author_sort | Gerasimos Ntoukas |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | This paper explores two Large Eddy Simulation (LES) approaches within the framework of the high-order discontinuous Galerkin solver, Horses3D. The investigation focuses on an Inverted Multi-element Wing in Ground Effect (i.e. 2.5D Imperial Front Wing section) representing a Formula 1 front wing, and compares the strengths and limitations of the two LES methods.The explicit LES formulation relies on the Vreman model that adapts to laminar, transitional and turbulent regimes. The numerical formulation uses nodal basis functions and Gauss points. The implicit LES formulation does not require explicit turbulence modeling but relies in the discretization scheme. We use the Kennedy-Gruber kinetic energy preserving formulation to enhance stability in under-resolved simulations, since we recover the continuous properties such as energy conservation at a discrete level. This formulation employs Gauss-Lobatto points, which downgrades the accuracy of integration but allows for larger time steps in explicit time integration.We compare our results to Nektar++, by Slaughter et al. in Flow, Turbulence and Combustion 110, 917–944 (2023), showing that both LES techniques provide results that agree well with the reference values. The implicit LES shows to better capture transition and allows for larger time steps at a similar cost per iteration. We conclude that this implicit LES formulation is very attractive for complex simulations. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-d99dffd5416e4d969d4758e27a30245a |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 2590-1230 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-03-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Results in Engineering |
| spelling | doaj-art-d99dffd5416e4d969d4758e27a30245a2025-08-20T02:11:11ZengElsevierResults in Engineering2590-12302025-03-012510442510.1016/j.rineng.2025.104425A comparative study of explicit and implicit Large Eddy simulations using a high-order discontinuous Galerkin solver: Application to a Formula 1 front wingGerasimos Ntoukas0Gonzalo Rubio1Oscar Marino2Alexandra Liosi3Francesco Bottone4Julien Hoessler5Esteban Ferrer6Cadence Design Systems, Chaussée de la Hulpe 187, B-1170 Brussels, Belgium; ETSIAE-UPM - School of Aeronautics, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Plaza Cardenal Cisneros 3, E-28040 Madrid, Spain; Corresponding author at: ETSIAE-UPM - School of Aeronautics, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Plaza Cardenal Cisneros 3, E-28040 Madrid, Spain.ETSIAE-UPM - School of Aeronautics, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Plaza Cardenal Cisneros 3, E-28040 Madrid, Spain; Center for Computational Simulation, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Campus de Montegancedo, Boadilla del Monte, 28660 Madrid, SpainETSIAE-UPM - School of Aeronautics, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Plaza Cardenal Cisneros 3, E-28040 Madrid, SpainCFD Methodology Group, McLaren Racing, Woking, United KingdomCFD Methodology Group, McLaren Racing, Woking, United KingdomCFD Methodology Group, McLaren Racing, Woking, United KingdomETSIAE-UPM - School of Aeronautics, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Plaza Cardenal Cisneros 3, E-28040 Madrid, Spain; Center for Computational Simulation, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Campus de Montegancedo, Boadilla del Monte, 28660 Madrid, SpainThis paper explores two Large Eddy Simulation (LES) approaches within the framework of the high-order discontinuous Galerkin solver, Horses3D. The investigation focuses on an Inverted Multi-element Wing in Ground Effect (i.e. 2.5D Imperial Front Wing section) representing a Formula 1 front wing, and compares the strengths and limitations of the two LES methods.The explicit LES formulation relies on the Vreman model that adapts to laminar, transitional and turbulent regimes. The numerical formulation uses nodal basis functions and Gauss points. The implicit LES formulation does not require explicit turbulence modeling but relies in the discretization scheme. We use the Kennedy-Gruber kinetic energy preserving formulation to enhance stability in under-resolved simulations, since we recover the continuous properties such as energy conservation at a discrete level. This formulation employs Gauss-Lobatto points, which downgrades the accuracy of integration but allows for larger time steps in explicit time integration.We compare our results to Nektar++, by Slaughter et al. in Flow, Turbulence and Combustion 110, 917–944 (2023), showing that both LES techniques provide results that agree well with the reference values. The implicit LES shows to better capture transition and allows for larger time steps at a similar cost per iteration. We conclude that this implicit LES formulation is very attractive for complex simulations.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590123025005043High-order discontinuous GalerkinEnergy stableInverted multi-element wing in ground effectImperial front wingFormula 1 front wing |
| spellingShingle | Gerasimos Ntoukas Gonzalo Rubio Oscar Marino Alexandra Liosi Francesco Bottone Julien Hoessler Esteban Ferrer A comparative study of explicit and implicit Large Eddy simulations using a high-order discontinuous Galerkin solver: Application to a Formula 1 front wing Results in Engineering High-order discontinuous Galerkin Energy stable Inverted multi-element wing in ground effect Imperial front wing Formula 1 front wing |
| title | A comparative study of explicit and implicit Large Eddy simulations using a high-order discontinuous Galerkin solver: Application to a Formula 1 front wing |
| title_full | A comparative study of explicit and implicit Large Eddy simulations using a high-order discontinuous Galerkin solver: Application to a Formula 1 front wing |
| title_fullStr | A comparative study of explicit and implicit Large Eddy simulations using a high-order discontinuous Galerkin solver: Application to a Formula 1 front wing |
| title_full_unstemmed | A comparative study of explicit and implicit Large Eddy simulations using a high-order discontinuous Galerkin solver: Application to a Formula 1 front wing |
| title_short | A comparative study of explicit and implicit Large Eddy simulations using a high-order discontinuous Galerkin solver: Application to a Formula 1 front wing |
| title_sort | comparative study of explicit and implicit large eddy simulations using a high order discontinuous galerkin solver application to a formula 1 front wing |
| topic | High-order discontinuous Galerkin Energy stable Inverted multi-element wing in ground effect Imperial front wing Formula 1 front wing |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590123025005043 |
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