Unravelling the decision making of foraging vultures: insights from a field experiment

Optimal Foraging Theory (OFT) integrates both the consumer and the resource, yet their simultaneous assessment is uncommon. Vultures represent an ideal model for OFT studies because carrion requires no capture effort and minimal handling, allowing them to focus primarily on food searching. Here, we...

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Main Authors: Eneko Arrondo, Jorge Martinez Carracedo, Patrick McAllister, Zebensui Morales-Reyes, Martina Scacco, Roberto Pascual-Rico, Ainara Cortés-Avizanda, José Antonio Donázar, Marcos Moleón, José Antonio Sánchez-Zapata
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: The Royal Society 2025-04-01
Series:Royal Society Open Science
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Online Access:https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsos.250085
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author Eneko Arrondo
Jorge Martinez Carracedo
Patrick McAllister
Zebensui Morales-Reyes
Martina Scacco
Roberto Pascual-Rico
Ainara Cortés-Avizanda
José Antonio Donázar
Marcos Moleón
José Antonio Sánchez-Zapata
author_facet Eneko Arrondo
Jorge Martinez Carracedo
Patrick McAllister
Zebensui Morales-Reyes
Martina Scacco
Roberto Pascual-Rico
Ainara Cortés-Avizanda
José Antonio Donázar
Marcos Moleón
José Antonio Sánchez-Zapata
author_sort Eneko Arrondo
collection DOAJ
description Optimal Foraging Theory (OFT) integrates both the consumer and the resource, yet their simultaneous assessment is uncommon. Vultures represent an ideal model for OFT studies because carrion requires no capture effort and minimal handling, allowing them to focus primarily on food searching. Here, we combined GPS tracking of 61 Iberian griffon vultures (consumers) with photo-trapping monitoring of 49 carcasses (resources) to assess the determinants of vulture foraging and the consequences for carrion consumption in two areas with different carrion abundances. First, we determined the importance of different factors (distance to the resource, hunger and competition) in the decisions of individuals of whether to descend or not on a carcass. Second, we compared carrion consumption patterns (time of carcass discovery and consumption, and maximum number of vultures gathered around the carcass) between areas. We found that distance, rather than hunger, is the primary factor determining whether a vulture descends to a carcass. In parallel, carrion was consumed similarly in areas with different resource availabilities. These findings indicate that vultures tend to eat whenever a nearby opportunity arises, consistent with a type-I functional response.
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spelling doaj-art-d97e0f5b38c9480daffed997f38fb85b2025-08-20T02:10:43ZengThe Royal SocietyRoyal Society Open Science2054-57032025-04-0112410.1098/rsos.250085Unravelling the decision making of foraging vultures: insights from a field experimentEneko Arrondo0Jorge Martinez Carracedo1Patrick McAllister2Zebensui Morales-Reyes3Martina Scacco4Roberto Pascual-Rico5Ainara Cortés-Avizanda6José Antonio Donázar7Marcos Moleón8José Antonio Sánchez-Zapata9Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD), CSIC, Sevilla, SpainUniversity of Ulster, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UKUniversity of Ulster, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UKDepartamento de Biología Animal, Edafología y Geología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), San Cristóbal de La Laguna, SpainDepartment of Migration and Immuno-Ecology, Max-Planck-Institut fur Ornithologie, Radolfzell, GermanyResearch Institute of Hunting Resources (IREC), CSIC, Ciudad Real, SpainInstituto Mediterráneo de Estudios Avanzados (IMEDEA), CSIC, Esporles, Illes Balears, SpainEstación Biológica de Doñana (EBD), CSIC, Sevilla, SpainDepartment of Zoology, University of Granada, Granada, SpainDepartment of Applied Biology, Miguel Hernández University of Elche, Elche, SpainOptimal Foraging Theory (OFT) integrates both the consumer and the resource, yet their simultaneous assessment is uncommon. Vultures represent an ideal model for OFT studies because carrion requires no capture effort and minimal handling, allowing them to focus primarily on food searching. Here, we combined GPS tracking of 61 Iberian griffon vultures (consumers) with photo-trapping monitoring of 49 carcasses (resources) to assess the determinants of vulture foraging and the consequences for carrion consumption in two areas with different carrion abundances. First, we determined the importance of different factors (distance to the resource, hunger and competition) in the decisions of individuals of whether to descend or not on a carcass. Second, we compared carrion consumption patterns (time of carcass discovery and consumption, and maximum number of vultures gathered around the carcass) between areas. We found that distance, rather than hunger, is the primary factor determining whether a vulture descends to a carcass. In parallel, carrion was consumed similarly in areas with different resource availabilities. These findings indicate that vultures tend to eat whenever a nearby opportunity arises, consistent with a type-I functional response.https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsos.250085accelerometerGPS trackinggriffon vultureGyps fulvusoptimal foraging theorytype I functional response
spellingShingle Eneko Arrondo
Jorge Martinez Carracedo
Patrick McAllister
Zebensui Morales-Reyes
Martina Scacco
Roberto Pascual-Rico
Ainara Cortés-Avizanda
José Antonio Donázar
Marcos Moleón
José Antonio Sánchez-Zapata
Unravelling the decision making of foraging vultures: insights from a field experiment
Royal Society Open Science
accelerometer
GPS tracking
griffon vulture
Gyps fulvus
optimal foraging theory
type I functional response
title Unravelling the decision making of foraging vultures: insights from a field experiment
title_full Unravelling the decision making of foraging vultures: insights from a field experiment
title_fullStr Unravelling the decision making of foraging vultures: insights from a field experiment
title_full_unstemmed Unravelling the decision making of foraging vultures: insights from a field experiment
title_short Unravelling the decision making of foraging vultures: insights from a field experiment
title_sort unravelling the decision making of foraging vultures insights from a field experiment
topic accelerometer
GPS tracking
griffon vulture
Gyps fulvus
optimal foraging theory
type I functional response
url https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsos.250085
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