Scoping Review of Machine Learning Techniques in Marker-Based Clinical Gait Analysis

The recent proliferation of novel machine learning techniques in quantitative marker-based 3D gait analysis (3DGA) has shown promise for improving interpretations of clinical gait analysis. The objective of this study was to characterize the state of the literature on using machine learning in the a...

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Main Authors: Kevin N. Dibbern, Maddalena G. Krzak, Alejandro Olivas, Mark V. Albert, Joseph J. Krzak, Karen M. Kruger
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2025-05-01
Series:Bioengineering
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Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2306-5354/12/6/591
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author Kevin N. Dibbern
Maddalena G. Krzak
Alejandro Olivas
Mark V. Albert
Joseph J. Krzak
Karen M. Kruger
author_facet Kevin N. Dibbern
Maddalena G. Krzak
Alejandro Olivas
Mark V. Albert
Joseph J. Krzak
Karen M. Kruger
author_sort Kevin N. Dibbern
collection DOAJ
description The recent proliferation of novel machine learning techniques in quantitative marker-based 3D gait analysis (3DGA) has shown promise for improving interpretations of clinical gait analysis. The objective of this study was to characterize the state of the literature on using machine learning in the analysis of marker-based 3D gait analysis to provide clinical insights that may be used to improve clinical analysis and care. Methods: A scoping review of the literature was conducted using the PubMed and Web of Science databases. Search terms from eight relevant articles were identified by the authors and added to by experts in clinical gait analysis and machine learning. Inclusion was decided by the adjudication of three reviewers. Results: The review identified 4324 articles matching the search terms. Adjudication identified 105 relevant papers. The most commonly applied techniques were the following: support vector machines, neural networks (NNs), and logistic regression. The most common clinical conditions evaluated were cerebral palsy, Parkinson’s disease, and post-stroke. Conclusions: ML has been used broadly in the literature and recent advances in deep learning have been more successful in larger datasets while traditional techniques are robust in small datasets and can outperform NNs in accuracy and explainability. XAI techniques can improve model interpretability but have not been broadly used.
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spelling doaj-art-d950ea888c014054aab251ab1ebf5ddd2025-08-20T03:27:00ZengMDPI AGBioengineering2306-53542025-05-0112659110.3390/bioengineering12060591Scoping Review of Machine Learning Techniques in Marker-Based Clinical Gait AnalysisKevin N. Dibbern0Maddalena G. Krzak1Alejandro Olivas2Mark V. Albert3Joseph J. Krzak4Karen M. Kruger5Department of Pediatrics, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USADepartment of Biomedical Engineering, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI 53223, USAMotion Analysis Center, Shriners Children’s, Chicago, IL 60707, USADepartment of Computer Science and Engineering, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76205, USAMotion Analysis Center, Shriners Children’s, Chicago, IL 60707, USADepartment of Biomedical Engineering, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI 53223, USAThe recent proliferation of novel machine learning techniques in quantitative marker-based 3D gait analysis (3DGA) has shown promise for improving interpretations of clinical gait analysis. The objective of this study was to characterize the state of the literature on using machine learning in the analysis of marker-based 3D gait analysis to provide clinical insights that may be used to improve clinical analysis and care. Methods: A scoping review of the literature was conducted using the PubMed and Web of Science databases. Search terms from eight relevant articles were identified by the authors and added to by experts in clinical gait analysis and machine learning. Inclusion was decided by the adjudication of three reviewers. Results: The review identified 4324 articles matching the search terms. Adjudication identified 105 relevant papers. The most commonly applied techniques were the following: support vector machines, neural networks (NNs), and logistic regression. The most common clinical conditions evaluated were cerebral palsy, Parkinson’s disease, and post-stroke. Conclusions: ML has been used broadly in the literature and recent advances in deep learning have been more successful in larger datasets while traditional techniques are robust in small datasets and can outperform NNs in accuracy and explainability. XAI techniques can improve model interpretability but have not been broadly used.https://www.mdpi.com/2306-5354/12/6/591machine learningclinical gait analysisscoping reviewartificial intelligencequantitative gait analysisoptical motion capture
spellingShingle Kevin N. Dibbern
Maddalena G. Krzak
Alejandro Olivas
Mark V. Albert
Joseph J. Krzak
Karen M. Kruger
Scoping Review of Machine Learning Techniques in Marker-Based Clinical Gait Analysis
Bioengineering
machine learning
clinical gait analysis
scoping review
artificial intelligence
quantitative gait analysis
optical motion capture
title Scoping Review of Machine Learning Techniques in Marker-Based Clinical Gait Analysis
title_full Scoping Review of Machine Learning Techniques in Marker-Based Clinical Gait Analysis
title_fullStr Scoping Review of Machine Learning Techniques in Marker-Based Clinical Gait Analysis
title_full_unstemmed Scoping Review of Machine Learning Techniques in Marker-Based Clinical Gait Analysis
title_short Scoping Review of Machine Learning Techniques in Marker-Based Clinical Gait Analysis
title_sort scoping review of machine learning techniques in marker based clinical gait analysis
topic machine learning
clinical gait analysis
scoping review
artificial intelligence
quantitative gait analysis
optical motion capture
url https://www.mdpi.com/2306-5354/12/6/591
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AT markvalbert scopingreviewofmachinelearningtechniquesinmarkerbasedclinicalgaitanalysis
AT josephjkrzak scopingreviewofmachinelearningtechniquesinmarkerbasedclinicalgaitanalysis
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