Review of the Near-Water Effect of Rotors in Cross-Media Vehicles
Cross-media vehicles, which combine the advantages of airplanes and submarines, are capable of performing complex tasks in different media and have attracted significant interest in recent years. In practice, however, cross-media rotorcrafts face numerous challenges during the cross-media transition...
Saved in:
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2025-03-01
|
| Series: | Drones |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2504-446X/9/3/195 |
| Tags: |
Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
|
| _version_ | 1850089658828980224 |
|---|---|
| author | Xingzhi Bai Mingqing Lu Qi Zhan Yu Wang Daixian Zhang Xiao Wang Wenhua Wu |
| author_facet | Xingzhi Bai Mingqing Lu Qi Zhan Yu Wang Daixian Zhang Xiao Wang Wenhua Wu |
| author_sort | Xingzhi Bai |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Cross-media vehicles, which combine the advantages of airplanes and submarines, are capable of performing complex tasks in different media and have attracted significant interest in recent years. In practice, however, cross-media rotorcrafts face numerous challenges during the cross-media transition, one of which is the complex mixed air–water flows induced by their rotors operating in close proximity to the water surface. These flows can result in aerodynamic penalties and structural damage to the rotors. The interactions between a water surface and a rotor wake bring about potential risks of cross-media locomotion, which is known as the near-water effect of rotors. Given that the distinctions between the near-water effect and the ground effect of rotors are not yet widely understood, this study details the discovery of the near-water effect and provides a comprehensive review of the evolutionary development of the near-water effect, tracing its understanding from the ground effect to the influence of droplets through aerodynamic modeling, numerical simulations, and near-water experimental studies. Furthermore, open problems and challenges associated with the near-water effect are discussed, including flow field measurements and numerical simulation approaches. Additionally, potential applications of the near-water effect for the development of cross-media rotorcraft are also described, which are valuable for aerodynamic design and cross-media control. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-d945e341a36347d79079ab5c07ab1008 |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 2504-446X |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-03-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Drones |
| spelling | doaj-art-d945e341a36347d79079ab5c07ab10082025-08-20T02:42:42ZengMDPI AGDrones2504-446X2025-03-019319510.3390/drones9030195Review of the Near-Water Effect of Rotors in Cross-Media VehiclesXingzhi Bai0Mingqing Lu1Qi Zhan2Yu Wang3Daixian Zhang4Xiao Wang5Wenhua Wu6Key Laboratory of Cross-Domain Flight Interdisciplinary Technology, China Aerodynamics Research and Development Center, Mianyang 621000, ChinaKey Laboratory of Cross-Domain Flight Interdisciplinary Technology, China Aerodynamics Research and Development Center, Mianyang 621000, ChinaNational Key Laboratory of Helicopter Aeromechanics, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, ChinaKey Laboratory of Cross-Domain Flight Interdisciplinary Technology, China Aerodynamics Research and Development Center, Mianyang 621000, ChinaKey Laboratory of Cross-Domain Flight Interdisciplinary Technology, China Aerodynamics Research and Development Center, Mianyang 621000, ChinaNational Key Laboratory of Helicopter Aeromechanics, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, ChinaKey Laboratory of Cross-Domain Flight Interdisciplinary Technology, China Aerodynamics Research and Development Center, Mianyang 621000, ChinaCross-media vehicles, which combine the advantages of airplanes and submarines, are capable of performing complex tasks in different media and have attracted significant interest in recent years. In practice, however, cross-media rotorcrafts face numerous challenges during the cross-media transition, one of which is the complex mixed air–water flows induced by their rotors operating in close proximity to the water surface. These flows can result in aerodynamic penalties and structural damage to the rotors. The interactions between a water surface and a rotor wake bring about potential risks of cross-media locomotion, which is known as the near-water effect of rotors. Given that the distinctions between the near-water effect and the ground effect of rotors are not yet widely understood, this study details the discovery of the near-water effect and provides a comprehensive review of the evolutionary development of the near-water effect, tracing its understanding from the ground effect to the influence of droplets through aerodynamic modeling, numerical simulations, and near-water experimental studies. Furthermore, open problems and challenges associated with the near-water effect are discussed, including flow field measurements and numerical simulation approaches. Additionally, potential applications of the near-water effect for the development of cross-media rotorcraft are also described, which are valuable for aerodynamic design and cross-media control.https://www.mdpi.com/2504-446X/9/3/195cross-media vehiclenear-water effectrotordropletsfree surfacemixed air–water flows |
| spellingShingle | Xingzhi Bai Mingqing Lu Qi Zhan Yu Wang Daixian Zhang Xiao Wang Wenhua Wu Review of the Near-Water Effect of Rotors in Cross-Media Vehicles Drones cross-media vehicle near-water effect rotor droplets free surface mixed air–water flows |
| title | Review of the Near-Water Effect of Rotors in Cross-Media Vehicles |
| title_full | Review of the Near-Water Effect of Rotors in Cross-Media Vehicles |
| title_fullStr | Review of the Near-Water Effect of Rotors in Cross-Media Vehicles |
| title_full_unstemmed | Review of the Near-Water Effect of Rotors in Cross-Media Vehicles |
| title_short | Review of the Near-Water Effect of Rotors in Cross-Media Vehicles |
| title_sort | review of the near water effect of rotors in cross media vehicles |
| topic | cross-media vehicle near-water effect rotor droplets free surface mixed air–water flows |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2504-446X/9/3/195 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT xingzhibai reviewofthenearwatereffectofrotorsincrossmediavehicles AT mingqinglu reviewofthenearwatereffectofrotorsincrossmediavehicles AT qizhan reviewofthenearwatereffectofrotorsincrossmediavehicles AT yuwang reviewofthenearwatereffectofrotorsincrossmediavehicles AT daixianzhang reviewofthenearwatereffectofrotorsincrossmediavehicles AT xiaowang reviewofthenearwatereffectofrotorsincrossmediavehicles AT wenhuawu reviewofthenearwatereffectofrotorsincrossmediavehicles |