exoALMA. XVI. Predicting Signatures of Large-scale Turbulence in Protoplanetary Disks
Turbulent gas motions drive planet formation and protoplanetary disk evolution. However, empirical constraints on turbulence are scarce, halting our understanding of its nature. Resolving signatures of the large-scale perturbations driven by disk instabilities may reveal clues on the origin of turbu...
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| author | Marcelo Barraza-Alfaro Mario Flock William Béthune Richard Teague Jaehan Bae Myriam Benisty Gianni Cataldi Pietro Curone Ian Czekala Stefano Facchini Daniele Fasano Misato Fukagawa Maria Galloway-Sprietsma Himanshi Garg Cassandra Hall Jane Huang John D. Ilee Andrés F. Izquierdo Kazuhiro Kanagawa Eric W. Koch Geoffroy Lesur Cristiano Longarini Ryan A. Loomis Ryuta Orihara Christophe Pinte Daniel J. Price Giovanni Rosotti Jochen Stadler Gaylor Wafflard-Fernandez Andrew J. Winter Lisa Wölfer Hsi-Wei Yen Tomohiro C. Yoshida Brianna Zawadzki |
| author_facet | Marcelo Barraza-Alfaro Mario Flock William Béthune Richard Teague Jaehan Bae Myriam Benisty Gianni Cataldi Pietro Curone Ian Czekala Stefano Facchini Daniele Fasano Misato Fukagawa Maria Galloway-Sprietsma Himanshi Garg Cassandra Hall Jane Huang John D. Ilee Andrés F. Izquierdo Kazuhiro Kanagawa Eric W. Koch Geoffroy Lesur Cristiano Longarini Ryan A. Loomis Ryuta Orihara Christophe Pinte Daniel J. Price Giovanni Rosotti Jochen Stadler Gaylor Wafflard-Fernandez Andrew J. Winter Lisa Wölfer Hsi-Wei Yen Tomohiro C. Yoshida Brianna Zawadzki |
| author_sort | Marcelo Barraza-Alfaro |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Turbulent gas motions drive planet formation and protoplanetary disk evolution. However, empirical constraints on turbulence are scarce, halting our understanding of its nature. Resolving signatures of the large-scale perturbations driven by disk instabilities may reveal clues on the origin of turbulence in the outer regions of planet-forming disks. We aim to predict the observational signatures of such large-scale flows, as they would appear in high-resolution Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array observations of CO rotational lines, such as those conducted by the exoALMA Large Program. Post-processing 3D numerical simulations, we explored the observational signatures produced by three candidate (magneto)hydrodynamical instabilities to operate in the outer regions of protoplanetary disks: the vertical shear instability (VSI), the magnetorotational instability (MRI), and the gravitational instability (GI). We found that exoALMA-quality observations should capture signatures of the large-scale motions induced by these instabilities. Mainly, flows with ring, arc, and spiral morphologies are apparent in the residuals of synthetic velocity centroid maps. A qualitative comparison between our predictions and the perturbations recovered from exoALMA data suggests the presence of two laminar disks and a scarcity of ring- and arc-like VSI signatures within the sample. Spiral features produced by the MRI or the GI are still plausible in explaining observed disk perturbations. Supporting these scenarios requires further methodically comparing the predicted perturbations and the observed disks’ complex dynamic structure. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-d8d3da85e9f545bc95bb391e30736a8e |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 2041-8205 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
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| spelling | doaj-art-d8d3da85e9f545bc95bb391e30736a8e2025-08-20T03:19:02ZengIOP PublishingThe Astrophysical Journal Letters2041-82052025-01-019841L2110.3847/2041-8213/adc42dexoALMA. XVI. Predicting Signatures of Large-scale Turbulence in Protoplanetary DisksMarcelo Barraza-Alfaro0https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6378-7873Mario Flock1https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9298-3029William Béthune2https://orcid.org/0009-0001-2471-0336Richard Teague3https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1534-5186Jaehan Bae4https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7258-770XMyriam Benisty5https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7695-7605Gianni Cataldi6https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2700-9676Pietro Curone7https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2045-2154Ian Czekala8https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1483-8811Stefano Facchini9https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4689-2684Daniele Fasano10https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4679-4072Misato Fukagawa11https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1117-9213Maria Galloway-Sprietsma12https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5503-5476Himanshi Garg13https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5910-4598Cassandra Hall14https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8138-0425Jane Huang15https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6947-6072John D. Ilee16https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1008-1142Andrés F. Izquierdo17https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8446-3026Kazuhiro Kanagawa18https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7235-2417Eric W. Koch19https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9605-780XGeoffroy Lesur20https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8896-9435Cristiano Longarini21https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4663-0318Ryan A. Loomis22https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8932-1219Ryuta Orihara23https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4039-8933Christophe Pinte24https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5907-5179Daniel J. Price25https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4716-4235Giovanni Rosotti26https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4853-5736Jochen Stadler27https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0491-143XGaylor Wafflard-Fernandez28https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3468-9577Andrew J. Winter29https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7501-9801Lisa Wölfer30https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7212-2416Hsi-Wei Yen31https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1412-893XTomohiro C. Yoshida32https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8002-8473Brianna Zawadzki33https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9319-1296Department of Earth , Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA ; mbarraza@mit.eduMax-Planck Institute for Astronomy (MPIA) , Königstuhl 17, 69117 Heidelberg, GermanyDPHY, ONERA, Université Paris-Saclay , 91120, Palaiseau, FranceDepartment of Earth , Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA ; mbarraza@mit.eduDepartment of Astronomy, University of Florida , Gainesville, FL 32611, USAMax-Planck Institute for Astronomy (MPIA) , Königstuhl 17, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany; Université Côte d’Azur , Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange, FranceNational Astronomical Observatory of Japan , 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, JapanDipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Milano , Via Celoria 16, 20133 Milano, Italy; Departamento de Astronomía, Universidad de Chile , Camino El Observatorio 1515, Las Condes, Santiago, ChileSchool of Physics & Astronomy, University of St. Andrews , North Haugh, St. Andrews KY16 9SS, UKDipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Milano , Via Celoria 16, 20133 Milano, ItalyUniversité Côte d’Azur , Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange, FranceNational Astronomical Observatory of Japan , 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, JapanDepartment of Astronomy, University of Florida , Gainesville, FL 32611, USASchool of Physics and Astronomy, Monash University , Clayton VIC 3800, AustraliaDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Georgia , Athens, GA 30602, USA; Center for Simulational Physics, The University of Georgia , Athens, GA 30602, USA; Institute for Artificial Intelligence, The University of Georgia , Athens, GA 30602, USADepartment of Astronomy, Columbia University , 538 W. 120th Street, Pupin Hall, New York, NY 10027, USASchool of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds , Leeds, LS2 9JT, UKDepartment of Astronomy, University of Florida , Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; Leiden Observatory, Leiden University , P.O. Box 9513, NL-2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands; European Southern Observatory , Karl-Schwarzschild-Str. 2, D-85748 Garching bei München, GermanyCollege of Science, Ibaraki University , 2-1-1 Bunkyo, Mito, Ibaraki 310-8512, JapanCenter for Astrophysics ∣ Harvard & Smithsonian , 60 Garden St., Cambridge, MA 02138, USAUniv. Grenoble Alpes , CNRS, IPAG, 38000 Grenoble, FranceDipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Milano , Via Celoria 16, 20133 Milano, Italy; Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge , Madingley Road, CB3 0HA, Cambridge, UKNational Radio Astronomy Observatory , 520 Edgemont Rd., Charlottesville, VA 22903, USACollege of Science, Ibaraki University , 2-1-1 Bunkyo, Mito, Ibaraki 310-8512, JapanSchool of Physics and Astronomy, Monash University , Clayton VIC 3800, Australia; Univ. Grenoble Alpes , CNRS, IPAG, 38000 Grenoble, FranceSchool of Physics and Astronomy, Monash University , Clayton VIC 3800, AustraliaDipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Milano , Via Celoria 16, 20133 Milano, ItalyUniversité Côte d’Azur , Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange, FranceUniv. Grenoble Alpes , CNRS, IPAG, 38000 Grenoble, FranceMax-Planck Institute for Astronomy (MPIA) , Königstuhl 17, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany; Université Côte d’Azur , Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange, FranceDepartment of Earth , Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA ; mbarraza@mit.eduAcademia Sinica Institute of Astronomy & Astrophysics , 11F of Astronomy-Mathematics Building, AS/NTU, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei 10617, TaiwanNational Astronomical Observatory of Japan , 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan; Department of Astronomical Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies , SOKENDAI, 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, JapanDepartment of Astronomy, Van Vleck Observatory, Wesleyan University , 96 Foss Hill Drive, Middletown, CT 06459, USA; Department of Astronomy & Astrophysics, 525 Davey Laboratory, The Pennsylvania State University , University Park, PA 16802, USATurbulent gas motions drive planet formation and protoplanetary disk evolution. However, empirical constraints on turbulence are scarce, halting our understanding of its nature. Resolving signatures of the large-scale perturbations driven by disk instabilities may reveal clues on the origin of turbulence in the outer regions of planet-forming disks. We aim to predict the observational signatures of such large-scale flows, as they would appear in high-resolution Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array observations of CO rotational lines, such as those conducted by the exoALMA Large Program. Post-processing 3D numerical simulations, we explored the observational signatures produced by three candidate (magneto)hydrodynamical instabilities to operate in the outer regions of protoplanetary disks: the vertical shear instability (VSI), the magnetorotational instability (MRI), and the gravitational instability (GI). We found that exoALMA-quality observations should capture signatures of the large-scale motions induced by these instabilities. Mainly, flows with ring, arc, and spiral morphologies are apparent in the residuals of synthetic velocity centroid maps. A qualitative comparison between our predictions and the perturbations recovered from exoALMA data suggests the presence of two laminar disks and a scarcity of ring- and arc-like VSI signatures within the sample. Spiral features produced by the MRI or the GI are still plausible in explaining observed disk perturbations. Supporting these scenarios requires further methodically comparing the predicted perturbations and the observed disks’ complex dynamic structure.https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/adc42dProtoplanetary disksPlanet formationHydrodynamical simulationsRadiative transfer simulations |
| spellingShingle | Marcelo Barraza-Alfaro Mario Flock William Béthune Richard Teague Jaehan Bae Myriam Benisty Gianni Cataldi Pietro Curone Ian Czekala Stefano Facchini Daniele Fasano Misato Fukagawa Maria Galloway-Sprietsma Himanshi Garg Cassandra Hall Jane Huang John D. Ilee Andrés F. Izquierdo Kazuhiro Kanagawa Eric W. Koch Geoffroy Lesur Cristiano Longarini Ryan A. Loomis Ryuta Orihara Christophe Pinte Daniel J. Price Giovanni Rosotti Jochen Stadler Gaylor Wafflard-Fernandez Andrew J. Winter Lisa Wölfer Hsi-Wei Yen Tomohiro C. Yoshida Brianna Zawadzki exoALMA. XVI. Predicting Signatures of Large-scale Turbulence in Protoplanetary Disks The Astrophysical Journal Letters Protoplanetary disks Planet formation Hydrodynamical simulations Radiative transfer simulations |
| title | exoALMA. XVI. Predicting Signatures of Large-scale Turbulence in Protoplanetary Disks |
| title_full | exoALMA. XVI. Predicting Signatures of Large-scale Turbulence in Protoplanetary Disks |
| title_fullStr | exoALMA. XVI. Predicting Signatures of Large-scale Turbulence in Protoplanetary Disks |
| title_full_unstemmed | exoALMA. XVI. Predicting Signatures of Large-scale Turbulence in Protoplanetary Disks |
| title_short | exoALMA. XVI. Predicting Signatures of Large-scale Turbulence in Protoplanetary Disks |
| title_sort | exoalma xvi predicting signatures of large scale turbulence in protoplanetary disks |
| topic | Protoplanetary disks Planet formation Hydrodynamical simulations Radiative transfer simulations |
| url | https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/adc42d |
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