Federated intelligence for smart grids: a comprehensive review of security and privacy strategies

Abstract The increasing complexity and interconnectivity of smart grid (SG) systems have exposed them to a wide array of cybersecurity threats. This review paper critically surveys recent advancements in federated learning (FL) as a privacy-preserving machine learning technique for addressing these...

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Main Authors: Raseel Z. Alshamasi, Dina M. Ibrahim
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: SpringerOpen 2025-07-01
Series:Journal of Electrical Systems and Information Technology
Subjects:
Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1186/s43067-025-00235-8
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author Raseel Z. Alshamasi
Dina M. Ibrahim
author_facet Raseel Z. Alshamasi
Dina M. Ibrahim
author_sort Raseel Z. Alshamasi
collection DOAJ
description Abstract The increasing complexity and interconnectivity of smart grid (SG) systems have exposed them to a wide array of cybersecurity threats. This review paper critically surveys recent advancements in federated learning (FL) as a privacy-preserving machine learning technique for addressing these challenges. The objective of this review is to analyze how FL can support secure, decentralized anomaly detection and mitigate attacks such as False Data Injection (FDI) and Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) in smart grid infrastructures. We explore major cyber threats targeting smart grid architectures and evaluate FL-based and non-FL-based solutions in terms of performance metrics such as accuracy, recall, and F1-score. Practical considerations for FL deployment, including device heterogeneity, communication constraints, and adversarial machine learning risks, are also discussed. The paper highlights critical gaps and outlines future research directions for improving smart grid resilience using federated intelligence.
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institution Kabale University
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spelling doaj-art-d8a00aaeedb84a609b8ab2c524ee59132025-08-20T03:42:40ZengSpringerOpenJournal of Electrical Systems and Information Technology2314-71722025-07-0112112610.1186/s43067-025-00235-8Federated intelligence for smart grids: a comprehensive review of security and privacy strategiesRaseel Z. Alshamasi0Dina M. Ibrahim1Department of Information Technology, College of Computer, Qassim UniversityDepartment of Information Technology, College of Computer, Qassim UniversityAbstract The increasing complexity and interconnectivity of smart grid (SG) systems have exposed them to a wide array of cybersecurity threats. This review paper critically surveys recent advancements in federated learning (FL) as a privacy-preserving machine learning technique for addressing these challenges. The objective of this review is to analyze how FL can support secure, decentralized anomaly detection and mitigate attacks such as False Data Injection (FDI) and Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) in smart grid infrastructures. We explore major cyber threats targeting smart grid architectures and evaluate FL-based and non-FL-based solutions in terms of performance metrics such as accuracy, recall, and F1-score. Practical considerations for FL deployment, including device heterogeneity, communication constraints, and adversarial machine learning risks, are also discussed. The paper highlights critical gaps and outlines future research directions for improving smart grid resilience using federated intelligence.https://doi.org/10.1186/s43067-025-00235-8Deep learningSmart gridFederated learningSecurityPrivacyFalse data injection (FDI) attack
spellingShingle Raseel Z. Alshamasi
Dina M. Ibrahim
Federated intelligence for smart grids: a comprehensive review of security and privacy strategies
Journal of Electrical Systems and Information Technology
Deep learning
Smart grid
Federated learning
Security
Privacy
False data injection (FDI) attack
title Federated intelligence for smart grids: a comprehensive review of security and privacy strategies
title_full Federated intelligence for smart grids: a comprehensive review of security and privacy strategies
title_fullStr Federated intelligence for smart grids: a comprehensive review of security and privacy strategies
title_full_unstemmed Federated intelligence for smart grids: a comprehensive review of security and privacy strategies
title_short Federated intelligence for smart grids: a comprehensive review of security and privacy strategies
title_sort federated intelligence for smart grids a comprehensive review of security and privacy strategies
topic Deep learning
Smart grid
Federated learning
Security
Privacy
False data injection (FDI) attack
url https://doi.org/10.1186/s43067-025-00235-8
work_keys_str_mv AT raseelzalshamasi federatedintelligenceforsmartgridsacomprehensivereviewofsecurityandprivacystrategies
AT dinamibrahim federatedintelligenceforsmartgridsacomprehensivereviewofsecurityandprivacystrategies