Maximum Principle-Preserving Computational Algorithm for the 3D High-Order Allen–Cahn Equation

We propose an unconditionally stable computational algorithm that preserves the maximum principle for the three-dimensional (3D) high-order Allen–Cahn (AC) equation. The presented algorithm applies an operator-splitting technique that decomposes the original equation into nonlinear and linear diffus...

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Main Authors: Junseok Kim, Youngjin Hwang
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2025-03-01
Series:Mathematics
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Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2227-7390/13/7/1085
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author Junseok Kim
Youngjin Hwang
author_facet Junseok Kim
Youngjin Hwang
author_sort Junseok Kim
collection DOAJ
description We propose an unconditionally stable computational algorithm that preserves the maximum principle for the three-dimensional (3D) high-order Allen–Cahn (AC) equation. The presented algorithm applies an operator-splitting technique that decomposes the original equation into nonlinear and linear diffusion equations. To guarantee the unconditional stability of the numerical solution, we solve the nonlinear equation using the frozen coefficient technique, which simplifies computations by approximating variable coefficients by constants within small regions. For the linear equation, we use an implicit finite difference scheme under the operator-splitting method. To validate the efficiency of the proposed algorithm, we conducted several computational tests. The numerical results confirm that the scheme achieves unconditional stability even for large time step sizes and high-order polynomial potential. In addition, we analyze motion by mean curvature in three-dimensional space and show that the numerical solutions closely match the analytical solutions. Finally, the robustness of the method is evaluated under noisy data conditions, and its ability to accurately classify complex data structures is demonstrated. These results confirm the efficiency and reliability of the proposed computational algorithm for simulating phase-field models with a high-order polynomial potential.
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spelling doaj-art-d87e5cedec6042d6bfd629860946ff812025-08-20T02:09:11ZengMDPI AGMathematics2227-73902025-03-01137108510.3390/math13071085Maximum Principle-Preserving Computational Algorithm for the 3D High-Order Allen–Cahn EquationJunseok Kim0Youngjin Hwang1Department of Mathematics, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Mathematics, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of KoreaWe propose an unconditionally stable computational algorithm that preserves the maximum principle for the three-dimensional (3D) high-order Allen–Cahn (AC) equation. The presented algorithm applies an operator-splitting technique that decomposes the original equation into nonlinear and linear diffusion equations. To guarantee the unconditional stability of the numerical solution, we solve the nonlinear equation using the frozen coefficient technique, which simplifies computations by approximating variable coefficients by constants within small regions. For the linear equation, we use an implicit finite difference scheme under the operator-splitting method. To validate the efficiency of the proposed algorithm, we conducted several computational tests. The numerical results confirm that the scheme achieves unconditional stability even for large time step sizes and high-order polynomial potential. In addition, we analyze motion by mean curvature in three-dimensional space and show that the numerical solutions closely match the analytical solutions. Finally, the robustness of the method is evaluated under noisy data conditions, and its ability to accurately classify complex data structures is demonstrated. These results confirm the efficiency and reliability of the proposed computational algorithm for simulating phase-field models with a high-order polynomial potential.https://www.mdpi.com/2227-7390/13/7/1085frozen coefficient methodoperator-splitting methoddata classification
spellingShingle Junseok Kim
Youngjin Hwang
Maximum Principle-Preserving Computational Algorithm for the 3D High-Order Allen–Cahn Equation
Mathematics
frozen coefficient method
operator-splitting method
data classification
title Maximum Principle-Preserving Computational Algorithm for the 3D High-Order Allen–Cahn Equation
title_full Maximum Principle-Preserving Computational Algorithm for the 3D High-Order Allen–Cahn Equation
title_fullStr Maximum Principle-Preserving Computational Algorithm for the 3D High-Order Allen–Cahn Equation
title_full_unstemmed Maximum Principle-Preserving Computational Algorithm for the 3D High-Order Allen–Cahn Equation
title_short Maximum Principle-Preserving Computational Algorithm for the 3D High-Order Allen–Cahn Equation
title_sort maximum principle preserving computational algorithm for the 3d high order allen cahn equation
topic frozen coefficient method
operator-splitting method
data classification
url https://www.mdpi.com/2227-7390/13/7/1085
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AT youngjinhwang maximumprinciplepreservingcomputationalalgorithmforthe3dhighorderallencahnequation