Distinctive Lipogenic Gene Expression Patterns in the Mammary Glands of Dairy Cows Are Associated with the Unique Fatty Acid Composition of Bovine Milk Fat
Fat composition is largely responsible for the technological and rheological properties of cow milk and dairy products. Bovine milk fat is unique in terms of its fatty acid composition and positional distribution, with about 25% of its fatty acids being short- and medium-chain, which are synthesized...
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MDPI AG
2025-01-01
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| author | Roni Tadmor-Levi Nurit Argov-Argaman |
| author_facet | Roni Tadmor-Levi Nurit Argov-Argaman |
| author_sort | Roni Tadmor-Levi |
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| description | Fat composition is largely responsible for the technological and rheological properties of cow milk and dairy products. Bovine milk fat is unique in terms of its fatty acid composition and positional distribution, with about 25% of its fatty acids being short- and medium-chain, which are synthesized <i>de novo</i> in the mammary gland and are not present in extra-mammary tissues. With the aim to identify potential genetic factors responsible for the unique composition of bovine milk fat, we extracted genes with GO annotations related to lipid metabolism and performed a gene expression mega-analysis. Overall, different lipogenic tissues (i.e., mammary, liver, and adipose) displayed discerned expression patterns. In a PCA, the liver was significantly separated from adipose and mammary tissues. In a correlation analysis with the fatty acid synthetase (FASN) gene, notable differences among the tissues were found. In the mammary gland, the majority of genes (~70%) were negatively correlated with FASN expression, whereas only 18% were negatively correlated in adipose. Only a few genes were positively correlated with FASN exclusively in the mammary gland, including AGPAT1 and AGPAT6, which also had the highest expression in the mammary gland compared with adipose. Looking at the expression levels in tissues (TPM) revealed significant differences in the expressions of genes responsible for the activation of fatty acids by ligation to CoA, according to their carbon chain length. Notably, the ACSS1 gene, which converts acetate to acetyl-CoA, had the highest expression in the mammary gland, whereas genes responsible for the activation of long-chain fatty acids had lower expressions. The findings of the present study suggest that the unique properties of dairy fat are the results of the distinct expression patterns of genes involved in <i>de novo</i> synthesis of fatty acids and their downstream utilization. |
| format | Article |
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| spelling | doaj-art-d87922c994d44cf9b1a199e75a10afcc2025-08-20T02:48:06ZengMDPI AGFoods2304-81582025-01-0114341210.3390/foods14030412Distinctive Lipogenic Gene Expression Patterns in the Mammary Glands of Dairy Cows Are Associated with the Unique Fatty Acid Composition of Bovine Milk FatRoni Tadmor-Levi0Nurit Argov-Argaman1Department of Animal Sciences, RH Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, IsraelDepartment of Animal Sciences, RH Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, IsraelFat composition is largely responsible for the technological and rheological properties of cow milk and dairy products. Bovine milk fat is unique in terms of its fatty acid composition and positional distribution, with about 25% of its fatty acids being short- and medium-chain, which are synthesized <i>de novo</i> in the mammary gland and are not present in extra-mammary tissues. With the aim to identify potential genetic factors responsible for the unique composition of bovine milk fat, we extracted genes with GO annotations related to lipid metabolism and performed a gene expression mega-analysis. Overall, different lipogenic tissues (i.e., mammary, liver, and adipose) displayed discerned expression patterns. In a PCA, the liver was significantly separated from adipose and mammary tissues. In a correlation analysis with the fatty acid synthetase (FASN) gene, notable differences among the tissues were found. In the mammary gland, the majority of genes (~70%) were negatively correlated with FASN expression, whereas only 18% were negatively correlated in adipose. Only a few genes were positively correlated with FASN exclusively in the mammary gland, including AGPAT1 and AGPAT6, which also had the highest expression in the mammary gland compared with adipose. Looking at the expression levels in tissues (TPM) revealed significant differences in the expressions of genes responsible for the activation of fatty acids by ligation to CoA, according to their carbon chain length. Notably, the ACSS1 gene, which converts acetate to acetyl-CoA, had the highest expression in the mammary gland, whereas genes responsible for the activation of long-chain fatty acids had lower expressions. The findings of the present study suggest that the unique properties of dairy fat are the results of the distinct expression patterns of genes involved in <i>de novo</i> synthesis of fatty acids and their downstream utilization.https://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/14/3/412dairy<i>de novo</i> synthesistriglycerideslipidsAGPATsAcyl-CoA synthase |
| spellingShingle | Roni Tadmor-Levi Nurit Argov-Argaman Distinctive Lipogenic Gene Expression Patterns in the Mammary Glands of Dairy Cows Are Associated with the Unique Fatty Acid Composition of Bovine Milk Fat Foods dairy <i>de novo</i> synthesis triglycerides lipids AGPATs Acyl-CoA synthase |
| title | Distinctive Lipogenic Gene Expression Patterns in the Mammary Glands of Dairy Cows Are Associated with the Unique Fatty Acid Composition of Bovine Milk Fat |
| title_full | Distinctive Lipogenic Gene Expression Patterns in the Mammary Glands of Dairy Cows Are Associated with the Unique Fatty Acid Composition of Bovine Milk Fat |
| title_fullStr | Distinctive Lipogenic Gene Expression Patterns in the Mammary Glands of Dairy Cows Are Associated with the Unique Fatty Acid Composition of Bovine Milk Fat |
| title_full_unstemmed | Distinctive Lipogenic Gene Expression Patterns in the Mammary Glands of Dairy Cows Are Associated with the Unique Fatty Acid Composition of Bovine Milk Fat |
| title_short | Distinctive Lipogenic Gene Expression Patterns in the Mammary Glands of Dairy Cows Are Associated with the Unique Fatty Acid Composition of Bovine Milk Fat |
| title_sort | distinctive lipogenic gene expression patterns in the mammary glands of dairy cows are associated with the unique fatty acid composition of bovine milk fat |
| topic | dairy <i>de novo</i> synthesis triglycerides lipids AGPATs Acyl-CoA synthase |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/14/3/412 |
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