Development of a baculovirus-derived chimeric virus-like particles against QX-type avian infectious bronchitis and H9N2 avian influenza

Currently, the spread of H9N2 avian influenza virus (AIV) and avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is one of the major predicaments facing the poultry industry. Virus-like particles (VLPs)-based vaccine, as one of the most promising alternative to traditional vaccines, provides new perspectives f...

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Main Authors: Bingchen Qiao, Qi Meng, Ni Zhao, Zihe Gao, Yusen Tian, Xifeng Hu, Chenfeng Jiang, Xiaofei Song, Jihui Ping
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Elsevier 2025-06-01
Series:Veterinary Vaccine
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Online Access:http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2772535925000162
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author Bingchen Qiao
Qi Meng
Ni Zhao
Zihe Gao
Yusen Tian
Xifeng Hu
Chenfeng Jiang
Xiaofei Song
Jihui Ping
author_facet Bingchen Qiao
Qi Meng
Ni Zhao
Zihe Gao
Yusen Tian
Xifeng Hu
Chenfeng Jiang
Xiaofei Song
Jihui Ping
author_sort Bingchen Qiao
collection DOAJ
description Currently, the spread of H9N2 avian influenza virus (AIV) and avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is one of the major predicaments facing the poultry industry. Virus-like particles (VLPs)-based vaccine, as one of the most promising alternative to traditional vaccines, provides new perspectives for the prevention of poultry diseases. Here, we generated a chimeric VLPs (VLPs) vaccine against both AIV and IBV by using baculovirus/insect cell expression system, and evaluated its efficacy in chickens. The VLPs is composed of three proteins: HA, M1, and rS. The HA and M1 proteins were derived from the H9N2 AIV A/chicken/Anhui/LH99/2017 (AH/99, H9N2), while rS was composed of the S1 subunit of the QX-type IBV CK/CH/JS/CZ211063 (CZ211063, GI-19) protein and the transmembrane domain (TM) and cytoplasmic tail domain (CTD) of the H9N2 AIV HA protein. Subcutaneous immunization with the VLPs vaccine induced a robust humoral immune responses, providing complete protection against H9N2 AIV in chickens. Furthermore, challenge experiments with QX-type IBV indicated that VLPs vaccine immunization significantly inhibited viral replication in the trachea, lung, and kidney, and suppressed viral shedding in the throat and cloaca. Additionally, histopathological analysis revealed that the VLPs vaccine effectively mitigated QX-type IBV-induced tissue damages in the respiratory and renal systems. Collectively, these results suggest that the VLPs vaccine developed in this study is a promising vaccine candidate for the avian influenza and infectious bronchitis control, and highlight the potential of VLP-based vaccines as a viable alternative to traditional egg-dependent vaccines in the prevention of poultry diseases.
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spelling doaj-art-d85f993c85b34fb5abc839416f02890f2025-08-20T01:48:34ZengElsevierVeterinary Vaccine2772-53592025-06-014210011910.1016/j.vetvac.2025.100119Development of a baculovirus-derived chimeric virus-like particles against QX-type avian infectious bronchitis and H9N2 avian influenzaBingchen Qiao0Qi Meng1Ni Zhao2Zihe Gao3Yusen Tian4Xifeng Hu5Chenfeng Jiang6Xiaofei Song7Jihui Ping8MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunity of Jiangsu Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, ChinaMOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunity of Jiangsu Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, ChinaBiotechnology Research laboratory, Qilu Animal Health Products Co., Ltd, Jinan 250105, ChinaMOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunity of Jiangsu Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, ChinaMOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunity of Jiangsu Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, ChinaMOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunity of Jiangsu Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, ChinaMOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunity of Jiangsu Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, ChinaBiotechnology Research laboratory, Qilu Animal Health Products Co., Ltd, Jinan 250105, ChinaMOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunity of Jiangsu Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Corresponding author at: MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunity of Jiangsu Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.Currently, the spread of H9N2 avian influenza virus (AIV) and avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is one of the major predicaments facing the poultry industry. Virus-like particles (VLPs)-based vaccine, as one of the most promising alternative to traditional vaccines, provides new perspectives for the prevention of poultry diseases. Here, we generated a chimeric VLPs (VLPs) vaccine against both AIV and IBV by using baculovirus/insect cell expression system, and evaluated its efficacy in chickens. The VLPs is composed of three proteins: HA, M1, and rS. The HA and M1 proteins were derived from the H9N2 AIV A/chicken/Anhui/LH99/2017 (AH/99, H9N2), while rS was composed of the S1 subunit of the QX-type IBV CK/CH/JS/CZ211063 (CZ211063, GI-19) protein and the transmembrane domain (TM) and cytoplasmic tail domain (CTD) of the H9N2 AIV HA protein. Subcutaneous immunization with the VLPs vaccine induced a robust humoral immune responses, providing complete protection against H9N2 AIV in chickens. Furthermore, challenge experiments with QX-type IBV indicated that VLPs vaccine immunization significantly inhibited viral replication in the trachea, lung, and kidney, and suppressed viral shedding in the throat and cloaca. Additionally, histopathological analysis revealed that the VLPs vaccine effectively mitigated QX-type IBV-induced tissue damages in the respiratory and renal systems. Collectively, these results suggest that the VLPs vaccine developed in this study is a promising vaccine candidate for the avian influenza and infectious bronchitis control, and highlight the potential of VLP-based vaccines as a viable alternative to traditional egg-dependent vaccines in the prevention of poultry diseases.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2772535925000162H9N2 avian influenza virusQX-type infectious bronchitis virusVirus-like particleBaculovirus expression systemSf9 insect cells
spellingShingle Bingchen Qiao
Qi Meng
Ni Zhao
Zihe Gao
Yusen Tian
Xifeng Hu
Chenfeng Jiang
Xiaofei Song
Jihui Ping
Development of a baculovirus-derived chimeric virus-like particles against QX-type avian infectious bronchitis and H9N2 avian influenza
Veterinary Vaccine
H9N2 avian influenza virus
QX-type infectious bronchitis virus
Virus-like particle
Baculovirus expression system
Sf9 insect cells
title Development of a baculovirus-derived chimeric virus-like particles against QX-type avian infectious bronchitis and H9N2 avian influenza
title_full Development of a baculovirus-derived chimeric virus-like particles against QX-type avian infectious bronchitis and H9N2 avian influenza
title_fullStr Development of a baculovirus-derived chimeric virus-like particles against QX-type avian infectious bronchitis and H9N2 avian influenza
title_full_unstemmed Development of a baculovirus-derived chimeric virus-like particles against QX-type avian infectious bronchitis and H9N2 avian influenza
title_short Development of a baculovirus-derived chimeric virus-like particles against QX-type avian infectious bronchitis and H9N2 avian influenza
title_sort development of a baculovirus derived chimeric virus like particles against qx type avian infectious bronchitis and h9n2 avian influenza
topic H9N2 avian influenza virus
QX-type infectious bronchitis virus
Virus-like particle
Baculovirus expression system
Sf9 insect cells
url http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2772535925000162
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