Rapid Profiling of Volatile Organic Compounds Associated with Plant-Based Milks Versus Bovine Milk Using an Integrated PTR-ToF-MS and GC-MS Approach
The growing demand for plant-based beverages has underscored the importance of investigating their volatile profiles, which play a crucial role in sensory perception and consumer acceptance. This is especially true for plant-based milks (PBMs) that have a clear reference model in bovine milk. This s...
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2025-02-01
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| author | Antonia Corvino Iuliia Khomenko Emanuela Betta Federico Ivan Brigante Luana Bontempo Franco Biasioli Vittorio Capozzi |
| author_facet | Antonia Corvino Iuliia Khomenko Emanuela Betta Federico Ivan Brigante Luana Bontempo Franco Biasioli Vittorio Capozzi |
| author_sort | Antonia Corvino |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The growing demand for plant-based beverages has underscored the importance of investigating their volatile profiles, which play a crucial role in sensory perception and consumer acceptance. This is especially true for plant-based milks (PBMs) that have a clear reference model in bovine milk. This study characterises the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in soy, almond and oat beverages compared to bovine milk using proton transfer reaction-time of flight-mass spectrometry (PTR-ToF-MS) as a rapid and noninvasive screening tool, complemented by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) for compound identification. A total of 188 mass peaks were detected by PTR-ToF-MS, all showing significant differences from the blank, while GC-MS allowed the identification of 50 compounds, supporting the tentative identifications performed with PTR-MS analysis. In order to facilitate a comparison of different milks, after statistical analysis, these 188 mass peaks were further categorised into two groups: one consisting of VOCs with minimal variability across all samples and another comprising VOCs with significantly different abundances, distinctly characterising each beverage. Principal component analysis revealed a clear separation between bovine milk and PBMs, with almond beverages exhibiting the richest volatilome, while oat beverages displayed a more homogeneous volatile profile. PTR-ToF-MS demonstrated its ability to analyse volatile profiles rapidly, with excellent complementarity to GC-MS in terms of analytical versatility. The results provided a valuable basis for testing new experimental designs aimed to characterise and enhance flavour profiles in plant-based beverages, also after processing, in case of new product development that considers using these milks as raw materials. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-d8217907e73b45cb97b61abc2f7204c5 |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 1420-3049 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-02-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Molecules |
| spelling | doaj-art-d8217907e73b45cb97b61abc2f7204c52025-08-20T03:12:01ZengMDPI AGMolecules1420-30492025-02-0130476110.3390/molecules30040761Rapid Profiling of Volatile Organic Compounds Associated with Plant-Based Milks Versus Bovine Milk Using an Integrated PTR-ToF-MS and GC-MS ApproachAntonia Corvino0Iuliia Khomenko1Emanuela Betta2Federico Ivan Brigante3Luana Bontempo4Franco Biasioli5Vittorio Capozzi6Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via E. Mach 1, 38098 San Michele all’Adige, ItalyResearch and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via E. Mach 1, 38098 San Michele all’Adige, ItalyResearch and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via E. Mach 1, 38098 San Michele all’Adige, ItalyResearch and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via E. Mach 1, 38098 San Michele all’Adige, ItalyResearch and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via E. Mach 1, 38098 San Michele all’Adige, ItalyResearch and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via E. Mach 1, 38098 San Michele all’Adige, ItalyNational Research Council of Italy, Institute of Sciences of Food Production (ISPA) c/o CS-DAT, Via Michele Protano, 71121 Foggia, ItalyThe growing demand for plant-based beverages has underscored the importance of investigating their volatile profiles, which play a crucial role in sensory perception and consumer acceptance. This is especially true for plant-based milks (PBMs) that have a clear reference model in bovine milk. This study characterises the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in soy, almond and oat beverages compared to bovine milk using proton transfer reaction-time of flight-mass spectrometry (PTR-ToF-MS) as a rapid and noninvasive screening tool, complemented by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) for compound identification. A total of 188 mass peaks were detected by PTR-ToF-MS, all showing significant differences from the blank, while GC-MS allowed the identification of 50 compounds, supporting the tentative identifications performed with PTR-MS analysis. In order to facilitate a comparison of different milks, after statistical analysis, these 188 mass peaks were further categorised into two groups: one consisting of VOCs with minimal variability across all samples and another comprising VOCs with significantly different abundances, distinctly characterising each beverage. Principal component analysis revealed a clear separation between bovine milk and PBMs, with almond beverages exhibiting the richest volatilome, while oat beverages displayed a more homogeneous volatile profile. PTR-ToF-MS demonstrated its ability to analyse volatile profiles rapidly, with excellent complementarity to GC-MS in terms of analytical versatility. The results provided a valuable basis for testing new experimental designs aimed to characterise and enhance flavour profiles in plant-based beverages, also after processing, in case of new product development that considers using these milks as raw materials.https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/30/4/761direct injection mass spectrometry (DIMS)volatile organic compounds (VOCs)flavourmilkproton transfer reaction (PTR)gas chromatography (GC) |
| spellingShingle | Antonia Corvino Iuliia Khomenko Emanuela Betta Federico Ivan Brigante Luana Bontempo Franco Biasioli Vittorio Capozzi Rapid Profiling of Volatile Organic Compounds Associated with Plant-Based Milks Versus Bovine Milk Using an Integrated PTR-ToF-MS and GC-MS Approach Molecules direct injection mass spectrometry (DIMS) volatile organic compounds (VOCs) flavour milk proton transfer reaction (PTR) gas chromatography (GC) |
| title | Rapid Profiling of Volatile Organic Compounds Associated with Plant-Based Milks Versus Bovine Milk Using an Integrated PTR-ToF-MS and GC-MS Approach |
| title_full | Rapid Profiling of Volatile Organic Compounds Associated with Plant-Based Milks Versus Bovine Milk Using an Integrated PTR-ToF-MS and GC-MS Approach |
| title_fullStr | Rapid Profiling of Volatile Organic Compounds Associated with Plant-Based Milks Versus Bovine Milk Using an Integrated PTR-ToF-MS and GC-MS Approach |
| title_full_unstemmed | Rapid Profiling of Volatile Organic Compounds Associated with Plant-Based Milks Versus Bovine Milk Using an Integrated PTR-ToF-MS and GC-MS Approach |
| title_short | Rapid Profiling of Volatile Organic Compounds Associated with Plant-Based Milks Versus Bovine Milk Using an Integrated PTR-ToF-MS and GC-MS Approach |
| title_sort | rapid profiling of volatile organic compounds associated with plant based milks versus bovine milk using an integrated ptr tof ms and gc ms approach |
| topic | direct injection mass spectrometry (DIMS) volatile organic compounds (VOCs) flavour milk proton transfer reaction (PTR) gas chromatography (GC) |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/30/4/761 |
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