Clinical validation of an individualized auto-adaptative serious game for combined cognitive and upper limb motor robotic rehabilitation after stroke

Abstract Background Intensive rehabilitation through challenging and individualized tasks are recommended to enhance upper limb recovery after stroke. Robot-assisted therapy (RAT) and serious games could be used to enhance functional recovery by providing simultaneous motor and cognitive rehabilitat...

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Main Authors: Ioannis Doumas, Thierry Lejeune, Martin Edwards, Gaëtan Stoquart, Yves Vandermeeren, Bruno Dehez, Stephanie Dehem
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: BMC 2025-01-01
Series:Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation
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Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1186/s12984-025-01551-w
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author Ioannis Doumas
Thierry Lejeune
Martin Edwards
Gaëtan Stoquart
Yves Vandermeeren
Bruno Dehez
Stephanie Dehem
author_facet Ioannis Doumas
Thierry Lejeune
Martin Edwards
Gaëtan Stoquart
Yves Vandermeeren
Bruno Dehez
Stephanie Dehem
author_sort Ioannis Doumas
collection DOAJ
description Abstract Background Intensive rehabilitation through challenging and individualized tasks are recommended to enhance upper limb recovery after stroke. Robot-assisted therapy (RAT) and serious games could be used to enhance functional recovery by providing simultaneous motor and cognitive rehabilitation. Objective The aim of this study is to clinically validate the dynamic difficulty adjustment (DDA) mechanism of ROBiGAME, a robot serious game designed for simultaneous rehabilitation of motor impairments and hemispatial neglect. Methods A proof of concept, with 24 participants in subacute and chronic stroke, was conducted using a 5-day protocol (two days were dedicated to assessment and three days to consecutive training sessions). Participants performed three consecutive ROBiGAME sessions during which overall task difficulty was determined through simultaneous DDA of motor and attentional parameters. Relationships between clinical and robotic assessment scores with respective task-difficulty parameters were analyzed using a multivariate regression model and a principal component analysis. Results Game difficulty rapidly (within approximately thirty minutes) auto-adapted to match individual impairment levels. The relationship between task-difficulty parameters with motor (Fugl Meyer Assessment: r = 0.84 p < 0.05) and with attentional impairments (Bells test total omissions: r = 0.617 p < 0.05) showed that task-difficulty during RAT adapted to each participant’s degree of impairment. Principal component analysis identified two data subsets determining overall task-difficulty, one subset for motor and the other for cognitive functional evaluation scores with respective task-difficulty parameters. Conclusions This proof of concept clinically validated a DDA mechanism and showed how task-difficulty adequately adapted to match individual degrees of impairment during RAT after stroke. ROBiGAME provided simultaneous motor and attentional exercises with parameters determining task-difficulty strongly related with respective clinical and robotic evaluation scores. Individualized levels of game difficulty and rapid adjustment of the system suggest implementation in clinical practice. Registry number This study was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02543424).
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spelling doaj-art-d7edf82d1c87438594c67d22fa598c2f2025-01-26T12:18:40ZengBMCJournal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation1743-00032025-01-0122111410.1186/s12984-025-01551-wClinical validation of an individualized auto-adaptative serious game for combined cognitive and upper limb motor robotic rehabilitation after strokeIoannis Doumas0Thierry Lejeune1Martin Edwards2Gaëtan Stoquart3Yves Vandermeeren4Bruno Dehez5Stephanie Dehem6Secteur des Sciences de la Santé, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Neuro Musculo Skeletal Lab (NMSK), UCLouvainSecteur des Sciences de la Santé, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Neuro Musculo Skeletal Lab (NMSK), UCLouvain Psychological Sciences Research Institute, UCLouvainSecteur des Sciences de la Santé, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Neuro Musculo Skeletal Lab (NMSK), UCLouvainLouvain Bionics, UCLouvainInstitute of Mechanics, Material and Civil Engineering, UCLouvainSecteur des Sciences de la Santé, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Neuro Musculo Skeletal Lab (NMSK), UCLouvainAbstract Background Intensive rehabilitation through challenging and individualized tasks are recommended to enhance upper limb recovery after stroke. Robot-assisted therapy (RAT) and serious games could be used to enhance functional recovery by providing simultaneous motor and cognitive rehabilitation. Objective The aim of this study is to clinically validate the dynamic difficulty adjustment (DDA) mechanism of ROBiGAME, a robot serious game designed for simultaneous rehabilitation of motor impairments and hemispatial neglect. Methods A proof of concept, with 24 participants in subacute and chronic stroke, was conducted using a 5-day protocol (two days were dedicated to assessment and three days to consecutive training sessions). Participants performed three consecutive ROBiGAME sessions during which overall task difficulty was determined through simultaneous DDA of motor and attentional parameters. Relationships between clinical and robotic assessment scores with respective task-difficulty parameters were analyzed using a multivariate regression model and a principal component analysis. Results Game difficulty rapidly (within approximately thirty minutes) auto-adapted to match individual impairment levels. The relationship between task-difficulty parameters with motor (Fugl Meyer Assessment: r = 0.84 p < 0.05) and with attentional impairments (Bells test total omissions: r = 0.617 p < 0.05) showed that task-difficulty during RAT adapted to each participant’s degree of impairment. Principal component analysis identified two data subsets determining overall task-difficulty, one subset for motor and the other for cognitive functional evaluation scores with respective task-difficulty parameters. Conclusions This proof of concept clinically validated a DDA mechanism and showed how task-difficulty adequately adapted to match individual degrees of impairment during RAT after stroke. ROBiGAME provided simultaneous motor and attentional exercises with parameters determining task-difficulty strongly related with respective clinical and robotic evaluation scores. Individualized levels of game difficulty and rapid adjustment of the system suggest implementation in clinical practice. Registry number This study was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02543424).https://doi.org/10.1186/s12984-025-01551-wNeurorehabilitationStrokeCognitive rehabilitationRobot-assisted therapyMotor learningSerious games
spellingShingle Ioannis Doumas
Thierry Lejeune
Martin Edwards
Gaëtan Stoquart
Yves Vandermeeren
Bruno Dehez
Stephanie Dehem
Clinical validation of an individualized auto-adaptative serious game for combined cognitive and upper limb motor robotic rehabilitation after stroke
Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation
Neurorehabilitation
Stroke
Cognitive rehabilitation
Robot-assisted therapy
Motor learning
Serious games
title Clinical validation of an individualized auto-adaptative serious game for combined cognitive and upper limb motor robotic rehabilitation after stroke
title_full Clinical validation of an individualized auto-adaptative serious game for combined cognitive and upper limb motor robotic rehabilitation after stroke
title_fullStr Clinical validation of an individualized auto-adaptative serious game for combined cognitive and upper limb motor robotic rehabilitation after stroke
title_full_unstemmed Clinical validation of an individualized auto-adaptative serious game for combined cognitive and upper limb motor robotic rehabilitation after stroke
title_short Clinical validation of an individualized auto-adaptative serious game for combined cognitive and upper limb motor robotic rehabilitation after stroke
title_sort clinical validation of an individualized auto adaptative serious game for combined cognitive and upper limb motor robotic rehabilitation after stroke
topic Neurorehabilitation
Stroke
Cognitive rehabilitation
Robot-assisted therapy
Motor learning
Serious games
url https://doi.org/10.1186/s12984-025-01551-w
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