Optimization of the Antibacterial Activity of a Three-Component Essential Oil Mixture from Moroccan <i>Thymus satureioides</i>, <i>Lavandula angustifolia</i>, and <i>Origanum majorana</i> Using a Simplex–Centroid Design

Background/Objectives: The rise of antibiotic-resistant pathogens has become a global health crisis, necessitating the development of alternative antimicrobial strategies. This study aimed to optimize the antibacterial effects of essential oils (EOs) from <i>Thymus satureioides</i>, <...

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Main Authors: Amine Elbouzidi, Mohamed Taibi, Naoufal El Hachlafi, Mounir Haddou, Mohamed Jeddi, Abdellah Baraich, Saad Bougrine, Ramzi A. Mothana, Mohammed F. Hawwal, Waleed A. Alobaid, Abdeslam Asehraou, Bouchra El Guerrouj, Hanae Naceiri Mrabti, Francois Mesnard, Mohamed Addi
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Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2025-01-01
Series:Pharmaceuticals
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Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8247/18/1/57
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author Amine Elbouzidi
Mohamed Taibi
Naoufal El Hachlafi
Mounir Haddou
Mohamed Jeddi
Abdellah Baraich
Saad Bougrine
Ramzi A. Mothana
Mohammed F. Hawwal
Waleed A. Alobaid
Abdeslam Asehraou
Bouchra El Guerrouj
Hanae Naceiri Mrabti
Francois Mesnard
Mohamed Addi
author_facet Amine Elbouzidi
Mohamed Taibi
Naoufal El Hachlafi
Mounir Haddou
Mohamed Jeddi
Abdellah Baraich
Saad Bougrine
Ramzi A. Mothana
Mohammed F. Hawwal
Waleed A. Alobaid
Abdeslam Asehraou
Bouchra El Guerrouj
Hanae Naceiri Mrabti
Francois Mesnard
Mohamed Addi
author_sort Amine Elbouzidi
collection DOAJ
description Background/Objectives: The rise of antibiotic-resistant pathogens has become a global health crisis, necessitating the development of alternative antimicrobial strategies. This study aimed to optimize the antibacterial effects of essential oils (EOs) from <i>Thymus satureioides</i>, <i>Lavandula angustifolia</i>, and <i>Origanum majorana</i>, enhancing their efficacy through optimized mixtures. Methods: This study utilized a simplex–centroid design to optimize the mixture ratios of EOs for maximal antibacterial and antioxidant effectiveness. The chemical profiles of the EOs were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The antibacterial activity was assessed against <i>Escherichia coli</i>, <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>, and <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> using minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) tests, while antioxidant activity was evaluated through DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl), and ABTS (2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)) assays. Results: The optimized essential oil mixtures demonstrated potent antibacterial activity, with MIC values of 0.097% (<i>v</i>/<i>v</i>) for <i>E. coli</i>, 0.058% (<i>v</i>/<i>v</i>) for <i>S. aureus</i>, and 0.250% (<i>v</i>/<i>v</i>) for <i>P. aeruginosa</i>. The mixture ratios achieving these results included 76% <i>T. satureioides</i>, and 24% <i>O. majorana</i> for <i>E. coli</i>, and varying proportions for other strains. Additionally, <i>L. angustifolia</i> essential oil exhibited the strongest antioxidant activity, with IC<sub>50</sub> values of 84.36 µg/mL (DPPH), and 139.61 µg/mL (ABTS), surpassing both the other EOs and standard antioxidants like BHT and ascorbic acid in the ABTS assay. Conclusions: The study successfully demonstrates that optimized mixtures of EOs can serve as effective natural antibacterial agents. The findings highlight a novel approach to enhance the applications of essential oils, suggesting their potential use in food preservation and biopharmaceutical formulations. This optimization strategy offers a promising avenue to combat antibiotic resistance and enhance food safety using natural products.
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spelling doaj-art-d7c963ecf3b1421995fe82e49afd09ff2025-01-24T13:45:13ZengMDPI AGPharmaceuticals1424-82472025-01-011815710.3390/ph18010057Optimization of the Antibacterial Activity of a Three-Component Essential Oil Mixture from Moroccan <i>Thymus satureioides</i>, <i>Lavandula angustifolia</i>, and <i>Origanum majorana</i> Using a Simplex–Centroid DesignAmine Elbouzidi0Mohamed Taibi1Naoufal El Hachlafi2Mounir Haddou3Mohamed Jeddi4Abdellah Baraich5Saad Bougrine6Ramzi A. Mothana7Mohammed F. Hawwal8Waleed A. Alobaid9Abdeslam Asehraou10Bouchra El Guerrouj11Hanae Naceiri Mrabti12Francois Mesnard13Mohamed Addi14Laboratoire d’Amélioration des Productions Agricoles, Biotechnologie et Environnement (LAPABE), Faculté des Sciences, Université Mohammed Premier, Oujda 60000, MoroccoLaboratoire d’Amélioration des Productions Agricoles, Biotechnologie et Environnement (LAPABE), Faculté des Sciences, Université Mohammed Premier, Oujda 60000, MoroccoFaculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ibn Zohr University, Guelmim 81000, MoroccoLaboratoire d’Amélioration des Productions Agricoles, Biotechnologie et Environnement (LAPABE), Faculté des Sciences, Université Mohammed Premier, Oujda 60000, MoroccoFaculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ibn Zohr University, Guelmim 81000, MoroccoLaboratory of Bioresources, Biotechnology, Ethnopharmacology and Health, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed First University, Boulevard Mohamed VI, B.P. 717, Oujda 60000, MoroccoCentre de l’Oriental des Sciences et Technologies de l’Eau et de l’Environnement (COSTEE), Université Mohammed Premier, Oujda 60000, MoroccoDepartment of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi ArabiaLaboratory of Bioresources, Biotechnology, Ethnopharmacology and Health, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed First University, Boulevard Mohamed VI, B.P. 717, Oujda 60000, MoroccoLaboratoire d’Amélioration des Productions Agricoles, Biotechnologie et Environnement (LAPABE), Faculté des Sciences, Université Mohammed Premier, Oujda 60000, MoroccoHigh Institute of Nursing Professions and Health Techniques, Casablanca 20250, MoroccoBIOPI-BioEcoAgro UMRT 1158 INRAE, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 80000 Amiens, FranceLaboratoire d’Amélioration des Productions Agricoles, Biotechnologie et Environnement (LAPABE), Faculté des Sciences, Université Mohammed Premier, Oujda 60000, MoroccoBackground/Objectives: The rise of antibiotic-resistant pathogens has become a global health crisis, necessitating the development of alternative antimicrobial strategies. This study aimed to optimize the antibacterial effects of essential oils (EOs) from <i>Thymus satureioides</i>, <i>Lavandula angustifolia</i>, and <i>Origanum majorana</i>, enhancing their efficacy through optimized mixtures. Methods: This study utilized a simplex–centroid design to optimize the mixture ratios of EOs for maximal antibacterial and antioxidant effectiveness. The chemical profiles of the EOs were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The antibacterial activity was assessed against <i>Escherichia coli</i>, <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>, and <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> using minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) tests, while antioxidant activity was evaluated through DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl), and ABTS (2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)) assays. Results: The optimized essential oil mixtures demonstrated potent antibacterial activity, with MIC values of 0.097% (<i>v</i>/<i>v</i>) for <i>E. coli</i>, 0.058% (<i>v</i>/<i>v</i>) for <i>S. aureus</i>, and 0.250% (<i>v</i>/<i>v</i>) for <i>P. aeruginosa</i>. The mixture ratios achieving these results included 76% <i>T. satureioides</i>, and 24% <i>O. majorana</i> for <i>E. coli</i>, and varying proportions for other strains. Additionally, <i>L. angustifolia</i> essential oil exhibited the strongest antioxidant activity, with IC<sub>50</sub> values of 84.36 µg/mL (DPPH), and 139.61 µg/mL (ABTS), surpassing both the other EOs and standard antioxidants like BHT and ascorbic acid in the ABTS assay. Conclusions: The study successfully demonstrates that optimized mixtures of EOs can serve as effective natural antibacterial agents. The findings highlight a novel approach to enhance the applications of essential oils, suggesting their potential use in food preservation and biopharmaceutical formulations. This optimization strategy offers a promising avenue to combat antibiotic resistance and enhance food safety using natural products.https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8247/18/1/57<i>Thymus satureioides</i><i>Lavandula angustifolia</i><i>Origanum majorana</i>essential oilsexperimental mixture designantibacterial activity
spellingShingle Amine Elbouzidi
Mohamed Taibi
Naoufal El Hachlafi
Mounir Haddou
Mohamed Jeddi
Abdellah Baraich
Saad Bougrine
Ramzi A. Mothana
Mohammed F. Hawwal
Waleed A. Alobaid
Abdeslam Asehraou
Bouchra El Guerrouj
Hanae Naceiri Mrabti
Francois Mesnard
Mohamed Addi
Optimization of the Antibacterial Activity of a Three-Component Essential Oil Mixture from Moroccan <i>Thymus satureioides</i>, <i>Lavandula angustifolia</i>, and <i>Origanum majorana</i> Using a Simplex–Centroid Design
Pharmaceuticals
<i>Thymus satureioides</i>
<i>Lavandula angustifolia</i>
<i>Origanum majorana</i>
essential oils
experimental mixture design
antibacterial activity
title Optimization of the Antibacterial Activity of a Three-Component Essential Oil Mixture from Moroccan <i>Thymus satureioides</i>, <i>Lavandula angustifolia</i>, and <i>Origanum majorana</i> Using a Simplex–Centroid Design
title_full Optimization of the Antibacterial Activity of a Three-Component Essential Oil Mixture from Moroccan <i>Thymus satureioides</i>, <i>Lavandula angustifolia</i>, and <i>Origanum majorana</i> Using a Simplex–Centroid Design
title_fullStr Optimization of the Antibacterial Activity of a Three-Component Essential Oil Mixture from Moroccan <i>Thymus satureioides</i>, <i>Lavandula angustifolia</i>, and <i>Origanum majorana</i> Using a Simplex–Centroid Design
title_full_unstemmed Optimization of the Antibacterial Activity of a Three-Component Essential Oil Mixture from Moroccan <i>Thymus satureioides</i>, <i>Lavandula angustifolia</i>, and <i>Origanum majorana</i> Using a Simplex–Centroid Design
title_short Optimization of the Antibacterial Activity of a Three-Component Essential Oil Mixture from Moroccan <i>Thymus satureioides</i>, <i>Lavandula angustifolia</i>, and <i>Origanum majorana</i> Using a Simplex–Centroid Design
title_sort optimization of the antibacterial activity of a three component essential oil mixture from moroccan i thymus satureioides i i lavandula angustifolia i and i origanum majorana i using a simplex centroid design
topic <i>Thymus satureioides</i>
<i>Lavandula angustifolia</i>
<i>Origanum majorana</i>
essential oils
experimental mixture design
antibacterial activity
url https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8247/18/1/57
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