Optimization of the Antibacterial Activity of a Three-Component Essential Oil Mixture from Moroccan <i>Thymus satureioides</i>, <i>Lavandula angustifolia</i>, and <i>Origanum majorana</i> Using a Simplex–Centroid Design
Background/Objectives: The rise of antibiotic-resistant pathogens has become a global health crisis, necessitating the development of alternative antimicrobial strategies. This study aimed to optimize the antibacterial effects of essential oils (EOs) from <i>Thymus satureioides</i>, <...
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2025-01-01
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| author | Amine Elbouzidi Mohamed Taibi Naoufal El Hachlafi Mounir Haddou Mohamed Jeddi Abdellah Baraich Saad Bougrine Ramzi A. Mothana Mohammed F. Hawwal Waleed A. Alobaid Abdeslam Asehraou Bouchra El Guerrouj Hanae Naceiri Mrabti Francois Mesnard Mohamed Addi |
| author_facet | Amine Elbouzidi Mohamed Taibi Naoufal El Hachlafi Mounir Haddou Mohamed Jeddi Abdellah Baraich Saad Bougrine Ramzi A. Mothana Mohammed F. Hawwal Waleed A. Alobaid Abdeslam Asehraou Bouchra El Guerrouj Hanae Naceiri Mrabti Francois Mesnard Mohamed Addi |
| author_sort | Amine Elbouzidi |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Background/Objectives: The rise of antibiotic-resistant pathogens has become a global health crisis, necessitating the development of alternative antimicrobial strategies. This study aimed to optimize the antibacterial effects of essential oils (EOs) from <i>Thymus satureioides</i>, <i>Lavandula angustifolia</i>, and <i>Origanum majorana</i>, enhancing their efficacy through optimized mixtures. Methods: This study utilized a simplex–centroid design to optimize the mixture ratios of EOs for maximal antibacterial and antioxidant effectiveness. The chemical profiles of the EOs were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The antibacterial activity was assessed against <i>Escherichia coli</i>, <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>, and <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> using minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) tests, while antioxidant activity was evaluated through DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl), and ABTS (2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)) assays. Results: The optimized essential oil mixtures demonstrated potent antibacterial activity, with MIC values of 0.097% (<i>v</i>/<i>v</i>) for <i>E. coli</i>, 0.058% (<i>v</i>/<i>v</i>) for <i>S. aureus</i>, and 0.250% (<i>v</i>/<i>v</i>) for <i>P. aeruginosa</i>. The mixture ratios achieving these results included 76% <i>T. satureioides</i>, and 24% <i>O. majorana</i> for <i>E. coli</i>, and varying proportions for other strains. Additionally, <i>L. angustifolia</i> essential oil exhibited the strongest antioxidant activity, with IC<sub>50</sub> values of 84.36 µg/mL (DPPH), and 139.61 µg/mL (ABTS), surpassing both the other EOs and standard antioxidants like BHT and ascorbic acid in the ABTS assay. Conclusions: The study successfully demonstrates that optimized mixtures of EOs can serve as effective natural antibacterial agents. The findings highlight a novel approach to enhance the applications of essential oils, suggesting their potential use in food preservation and biopharmaceutical formulations. This optimization strategy offers a promising avenue to combat antibiotic resistance and enhance food safety using natural products. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-d7c963ecf3b1421995fe82e49afd09ff |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 1424-8247 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
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| spelling | doaj-art-d7c963ecf3b1421995fe82e49afd09ff2025-01-24T13:45:13ZengMDPI AGPharmaceuticals1424-82472025-01-011815710.3390/ph18010057Optimization of the Antibacterial Activity of a Three-Component Essential Oil Mixture from Moroccan <i>Thymus satureioides</i>, <i>Lavandula angustifolia</i>, and <i>Origanum majorana</i> Using a Simplex–Centroid DesignAmine Elbouzidi0Mohamed Taibi1Naoufal El Hachlafi2Mounir Haddou3Mohamed Jeddi4Abdellah Baraich5Saad Bougrine6Ramzi A. Mothana7Mohammed F. Hawwal8Waleed A. Alobaid9Abdeslam Asehraou10Bouchra El Guerrouj11Hanae Naceiri Mrabti12Francois Mesnard13Mohamed Addi14Laboratoire d’Amélioration des Productions Agricoles, Biotechnologie et Environnement (LAPABE), Faculté des Sciences, Université Mohammed Premier, Oujda 60000, MoroccoLaboratoire d’Amélioration des Productions Agricoles, Biotechnologie et Environnement (LAPABE), Faculté des Sciences, Université Mohammed Premier, Oujda 60000, MoroccoFaculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ibn Zohr University, Guelmim 81000, MoroccoLaboratoire d’Amélioration des Productions Agricoles, Biotechnologie et Environnement (LAPABE), Faculté des Sciences, Université Mohammed Premier, Oujda 60000, MoroccoFaculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ibn Zohr University, Guelmim 81000, MoroccoLaboratory of Bioresources, Biotechnology, Ethnopharmacology and Health, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed First University, Boulevard Mohamed VI, B.P. 717, Oujda 60000, MoroccoCentre de l’Oriental des Sciences et Technologies de l’Eau et de l’Environnement (COSTEE), Université Mohammed Premier, Oujda 60000, MoroccoDepartment of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi ArabiaLaboratory of Bioresources, Biotechnology, Ethnopharmacology and Health, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed First University, Boulevard Mohamed VI, B.P. 717, Oujda 60000, MoroccoLaboratoire d’Amélioration des Productions Agricoles, Biotechnologie et Environnement (LAPABE), Faculté des Sciences, Université Mohammed Premier, Oujda 60000, MoroccoHigh Institute of Nursing Professions and Health Techniques, Casablanca 20250, MoroccoBIOPI-BioEcoAgro UMRT 1158 INRAE, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 80000 Amiens, FranceLaboratoire d’Amélioration des Productions Agricoles, Biotechnologie et Environnement (LAPABE), Faculté des Sciences, Université Mohammed Premier, Oujda 60000, MoroccoBackground/Objectives: The rise of antibiotic-resistant pathogens has become a global health crisis, necessitating the development of alternative antimicrobial strategies. This study aimed to optimize the antibacterial effects of essential oils (EOs) from <i>Thymus satureioides</i>, <i>Lavandula angustifolia</i>, and <i>Origanum majorana</i>, enhancing their efficacy through optimized mixtures. Methods: This study utilized a simplex–centroid design to optimize the mixture ratios of EOs for maximal antibacterial and antioxidant effectiveness. The chemical profiles of the EOs were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The antibacterial activity was assessed against <i>Escherichia coli</i>, <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>, and <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> using minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) tests, while antioxidant activity was evaluated through DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl), and ABTS (2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)) assays. Results: The optimized essential oil mixtures demonstrated potent antibacterial activity, with MIC values of 0.097% (<i>v</i>/<i>v</i>) for <i>E. coli</i>, 0.058% (<i>v</i>/<i>v</i>) for <i>S. aureus</i>, and 0.250% (<i>v</i>/<i>v</i>) for <i>P. aeruginosa</i>. The mixture ratios achieving these results included 76% <i>T. satureioides</i>, and 24% <i>O. majorana</i> for <i>E. coli</i>, and varying proportions for other strains. Additionally, <i>L. angustifolia</i> essential oil exhibited the strongest antioxidant activity, with IC<sub>50</sub> values of 84.36 µg/mL (DPPH), and 139.61 µg/mL (ABTS), surpassing both the other EOs and standard antioxidants like BHT and ascorbic acid in the ABTS assay. Conclusions: The study successfully demonstrates that optimized mixtures of EOs can serve as effective natural antibacterial agents. The findings highlight a novel approach to enhance the applications of essential oils, suggesting their potential use in food preservation and biopharmaceutical formulations. This optimization strategy offers a promising avenue to combat antibiotic resistance and enhance food safety using natural products.https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8247/18/1/57<i>Thymus satureioides</i><i>Lavandula angustifolia</i><i>Origanum majorana</i>essential oilsexperimental mixture designantibacterial activity |
| spellingShingle | Amine Elbouzidi Mohamed Taibi Naoufal El Hachlafi Mounir Haddou Mohamed Jeddi Abdellah Baraich Saad Bougrine Ramzi A. Mothana Mohammed F. Hawwal Waleed A. Alobaid Abdeslam Asehraou Bouchra El Guerrouj Hanae Naceiri Mrabti Francois Mesnard Mohamed Addi Optimization of the Antibacterial Activity of a Three-Component Essential Oil Mixture from Moroccan <i>Thymus satureioides</i>, <i>Lavandula angustifolia</i>, and <i>Origanum majorana</i> Using a Simplex–Centroid Design Pharmaceuticals <i>Thymus satureioides</i> <i>Lavandula angustifolia</i> <i>Origanum majorana</i> essential oils experimental mixture design antibacterial activity |
| title | Optimization of the Antibacterial Activity of a Three-Component Essential Oil Mixture from Moroccan <i>Thymus satureioides</i>, <i>Lavandula angustifolia</i>, and <i>Origanum majorana</i> Using a Simplex–Centroid Design |
| title_full | Optimization of the Antibacterial Activity of a Three-Component Essential Oil Mixture from Moroccan <i>Thymus satureioides</i>, <i>Lavandula angustifolia</i>, and <i>Origanum majorana</i> Using a Simplex–Centroid Design |
| title_fullStr | Optimization of the Antibacterial Activity of a Three-Component Essential Oil Mixture from Moroccan <i>Thymus satureioides</i>, <i>Lavandula angustifolia</i>, and <i>Origanum majorana</i> Using a Simplex–Centroid Design |
| title_full_unstemmed | Optimization of the Antibacterial Activity of a Three-Component Essential Oil Mixture from Moroccan <i>Thymus satureioides</i>, <i>Lavandula angustifolia</i>, and <i>Origanum majorana</i> Using a Simplex–Centroid Design |
| title_short | Optimization of the Antibacterial Activity of a Three-Component Essential Oil Mixture from Moroccan <i>Thymus satureioides</i>, <i>Lavandula angustifolia</i>, and <i>Origanum majorana</i> Using a Simplex–Centroid Design |
| title_sort | optimization of the antibacterial activity of a three component essential oil mixture from moroccan i thymus satureioides i i lavandula angustifolia i and i origanum majorana i using a simplex centroid design |
| topic | <i>Thymus satureioides</i> <i>Lavandula angustifolia</i> <i>Origanum majorana</i> essential oils experimental mixture design antibacterial activity |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8247/18/1/57 |
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