Connecting the Lines between Hypogonadism and Atherosclerosis
Epidemiological studies show that atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide and point to gender differences with ageing males being at highest risk. Atherosclerosis is a complex process that has several risk factors and mediators. Hypogonadism is...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Wiley
2012-01-01
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| Series: | International Journal of Endocrinology |
| Online Access: | http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/793953 |
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| _version_ | 1832562772567654400 |
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| author | Akl C. Fahed Joanna M. Gholmieh Sami T. Azar |
| author_facet | Akl C. Fahed Joanna M. Gholmieh Sami T. Azar |
| author_sort | Akl C. Fahed |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Epidemiological studies show that atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide and point to gender differences with ageing males being at highest risk. Atherosclerosis is a complex process that has several risk factors and mediators. Hypogonadism is a commonly undiagnosed disease that has been associated with many of the events, and risk factors leading to atherosclerosis. The mechanistic relations between testosterone levels, atherosclerotic events, and risk factors are poorly understood in many instances, but the links are clear.
In this paper, we summarize the research journey that explains the link between hypogonadism, each of the atherosclerotic events, and risk factors. We look into the different areas from which lessons could be learned, including epidemiological studies, animal and laboratory experiments, studies on androgen deprivation therapy patients, and studies on testosterone-treated patients. We finish by providing recommendations for the clinician and needs for future research. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-d7c3e935d063498482ce7af9f0757ee7 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 1687-8337 1687-8345 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2012-01-01 |
| publisher | Wiley |
| record_format | Article |
| series | International Journal of Endocrinology |
| spelling | doaj-art-d7c3e935d063498482ce7af9f0757ee72025-02-03T01:21:57ZengWileyInternational Journal of Endocrinology1687-83371687-83452012-01-01201210.1155/2012/793953793953Connecting the Lines between Hypogonadism and AtherosclerosisAkl C. Fahed0Joanna M. Gholmieh1Sami T. Azar2Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USASchool of Pharmacy, Lebanese American University, P.O. Box 36, Byblos, LebanonDepartment of Internal Medicine, American University of Beirut, Bliss Street, P.O. Box 11-0236, Beirut, LebanonEpidemiological studies show that atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide and point to gender differences with ageing males being at highest risk. Atherosclerosis is a complex process that has several risk factors and mediators. Hypogonadism is a commonly undiagnosed disease that has been associated with many of the events, and risk factors leading to atherosclerosis. The mechanistic relations between testosterone levels, atherosclerotic events, and risk factors are poorly understood in many instances, but the links are clear. In this paper, we summarize the research journey that explains the link between hypogonadism, each of the atherosclerotic events, and risk factors. We look into the different areas from which lessons could be learned, including epidemiological studies, animal and laboratory experiments, studies on androgen deprivation therapy patients, and studies on testosterone-treated patients. We finish by providing recommendations for the clinician and needs for future research.http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/793953 |
| spellingShingle | Akl C. Fahed Joanna M. Gholmieh Sami T. Azar Connecting the Lines between Hypogonadism and Atherosclerosis International Journal of Endocrinology |
| title | Connecting the Lines between Hypogonadism and Atherosclerosis |
| title_full | Connecting the Lines between Hypogonadism and Atherosclerosis |
| title_fullStr | Connecting the Lines between Hypogonadism and Atherosclerosis |
| title_full_unstemmed | Connecting the Lines between Hypogonadism and Atherosclerosis |
| title_short | Connecting the Lines between Hypogonadism and Atherosclerosis |
| title_sort | connecting the lines between hypogonadism and atherosclerosis |
| url | http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/793953 |
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