Radiation dosimetry performance appraisal of the optimal concentration of nitro blue tetrazolium dye in PVA composite film at low X-ray doses
Purpose: Due to the extensive use of radiation in various fields, such as food safety, sterilizing surgical materials, and medical diagnostics, it is essential to minimize radiation exposure for both patients and healthcare professionals, even at low doses. To meet this requirement, a composite film...
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Elsevier
2025-01-01
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| Series: | Heliyon |
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| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405844024173501 |
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| author | Reham Albejadi Saleh Alashrah Yassine El-Ghoul Zabih Ullah Saleh A. Almatroodi |
| author_facet | Reham Albejadi Saleh Alashrah Yassine El-Ghoul Zabih Ullah Saleh A. Almatroodi |
| author_sort | Reham Albejadi |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Purpose: Due to the extensive use of radiation in various fields, such as food safety, sterilizing surgical materials, and medical diagnostics, it is essential to minimize radiation exposure for both patients and healthcare professionals, even at low doses. To meet this requirement, a composite film has been developed using polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) polymer and nitro blue tetrazolium (NBT) dye to measure low radiation doses effectively. Methods: Various concentrations of NBT dye (ranging from 0.75 to 15 g/L) were tested to determine the optimal concentration for maximum efficiency. The films were exposed to low doses of X-rays ranging from 20 to 100 mGy. Results: The PVA/NBT films exhibited good stability for 30 days after irradiation when stored in darkness. UV–visible absorption spectra showed a peak at 376 nm, shifting to 384 nm after exposure to X-rays. Furthermore, the response curve based on UV–Vis absorptions revealed a linear increase in absorbance with increased radiation doses up to 60 mGy (R = 0.99). XRD analysis indicated significant structural rearrangements in films with higher NBT concentrations and radiation doses. Specifically, X-ray irradiation caused two distinct peaks to shift from 2θ = 20.12° and 40.18° to 2θ = 19.66° and 41.24°. SEM analysis revealed that exposure to increased radiation doses resulted in significant morphological changes in PVA/NBT films, resembling torn tree trunks, especially with higher NBT concentrations. The preparation method was validated by XRF analysis, and the solubility of the NBT salt was excellent, with an R2 value of 0.9656. Results from Spectro colorimetric studies indicated that different CIEL∗a∗b∗ coordinates, as well as the total color difference (ΔE∗ab) and color strength (K/S), were directly proportional to the applied dose intensity, correlating with increasing NBT concentration. Conclusion: The PVA/NBT dosimeter containing 10 g/L of NBT shows promising potential as an effective alternative for the prompt and accurate detection of low X-ray doses in diagnostic radiology. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-d7bc51e06bf44e19b634c3aa6459c8ee |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2405-8440 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Heliyon |
| spelling | doaj-art-d7bc51e06bf44e19b634c3aa6459c8ee2025-01-17T04:50:54ZengElsevierHeliyon2405-84402025-01-01111e41319Radiation dosimetry performance appraisal of the optimal concentration of nitro blue tetrazolium dye in PVA composite film at low X-ray dosesReham Albejadi0Saleh Alashrah1Yassine El-Ghoul2Zabih Ullah3Saleh A. Almatroodi4Department of Physics, College of Science, Qassim University, Buraidah 51452, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Physics, College of Science, Qassim University, Buraidah 51452, Saudi Arabia; Corresponding author.Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Qassim University, Buraidah 51452, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Dentistry and Pharmacy, Buraydah Colleges, Alqassim, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah 51452, Saudi ArabiaPurpose: Due to the extensive use of radiation in various fields, such as food safety, sterilizing surgical materials, and medical diagnostics, it is essential to minimize radiation exposure for both patients and healthcare professionals, even at low doses. To meet this requirement, a composite film has been developed using polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) polymer and nitro blue tetrazolium (NBT) dye to measure low radiation doses effectively. Methods: Various concentrations of NBT dye (ranging from 0.75 to 15 g/L) were tested to determine the optimal concentration for maximum efficiency. The films were exposed to low doses of X-rays ranging from 20 to 100 mGy. Results: The PVA/NBT films exhibited good stability for 30 days after irradiation when stored in darkness. UV–visible absorption spectra showed a peak at 376 nm, shifting to 384 nm after exposure to X-rays. Furthermore, the response curve based on UV–Vis absorptions revealed a linear increase in absorbance with increased radiation doses up to 60 mGy (R = 0.99). XRD analysis indicated significant structural rearrangements in films with higher NBT concentrations and radiation doses. Specifically, X-ray irradiation caused two distinct peaks to shift from 2θ = 20.12° and 40.18° to 2θ = 19.66° and 41.24°. SEM analysis revealed that exposure to increased radiation doses resulted in significant morphological changes in PVA/NBT films, resembling torn tree trunks, especially with higher NBT concentrations. The preparation method was validated by XRF analysis, and the solubility of the NBT salt was excellent, with an R2 value of 0.9656. Results from Spectro colorimetric studies indicated that different CIEL∗a∗b∗ coordinates, as well as the total color difference (ΔE∗ab) and color strength (K/S), were directly proportional to the applied dose intensity, correlating with increasing NBT concentration. Conclusion: The PVA/NBT dosimeter containing 10 g/L of NBT shows promising potential as an effective alternative for the prompt and accurate detection of low X-ray doses in diagnostic radiology.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405844024173501Nitro blue tetrazoliumPolymerImageJCIELabX-ray diffractionScanning electron microscopy |
| spellingShingle | Reham Albejadi Saleh Alashrah Yassine El-Ghoul Zabih Ullah Saleh A. Almatroodi Radiation dosimetry performance appraisal of the optimal concentration of nitro blue tetrazolium dye in PVA composite film at low X-ray doses Heliyon Nitro blue tetrazolium Polymer ImageJ CIELab X-ray diffraction Scanning electron microscopy |
| title | Radiation dosimetry performance appraisal of the optimal concentration of nitro blue tetrazolium dye in PVA composite film at low X-ray doses |
| title_full | Radiation dosimetry performance appraisal of the optimal concentration of nitro blue tetrazolium dye in PVA composite film at low X-ray doses |
| title_fullStr | Radiation dosimetry performance appraisal of the optimal concentration of nitro blue tetrazolium dye in PVA composite film at low X-ray doses |
| title_full_unstemmed | Radiation dosimetry performance appraisal of the optimal concentration of nitro blue tetrazolium dye in PVA composite film at low X-ray doses |
| title_short | Radiation dosimetry performance appraisal of the optimal concentration of nitro blue tetrazolium dye in PVA composite film at low X-ray doses |
| title_sort | radiation dosimetry performance appraisal of the optimal concentration of nitro blue tetrazolium dye in pva composite film at low x ray doses |
| topic | Nitro blue tetrazolium Polymer ImageJ CIELab X-ray diffraction Scanning electron microscopy |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405844024173501 |
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