Pathophysiological Links Between Myocardial Infarction and Anxiety Disorder, Major Depressive Disorder, Bipolar Disorder and Schizophrenia
There is increasing evidence demonstrating that psychiatric conditions elevate the risk of developing accelerated atherosclerosis and early-onset cardiovascular disease (CVD), including myocardial infarction (MI). Several mechanisms contribute to this observation. The dysfunction of the autonomic ne...
Saved in:
| Main Authors: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2025-03-01
|
| Series: | Biology |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-7737/14/4/336 |
| Tags: |
Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
|
| _version_ | 1850183313671585792 |
|---|---|
| author | Leong Tung Ong Ching-Hui Sia |
| author_facet | Leong Tung Ong Ching-Hui Sia |
| author_sort | Leong Tung Ong |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | There is increasing evidence demonstrating that psychiatric conditions elevate the risk of developing accelerated atherosclerosis and early-onset cardiovascular disease (CVD), including myocardial infarction (MI). Several mechanisms contribute to this observation. The dysfunction of the autonomic nervous system and hyperactivity of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis in these patients contribute to the development of MI. Additionally, patients with underlying psychiatric disorders often have abnormal levels of anti-inflammatory and pro-inflammatory cytokines, which can lead to early vascular damage and subsequent atherosclerosis. Elevated PAI-1 levels, reduced tPA activity, and the decreased brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), influenced by coagulation and inflammation, may contribute to depression and its link to MI. Oxidative stress, marked by increased reactive species and impaired antioxidant defenses, is associated with cellular damage and has been consistently implicated in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, potentially contributing to myocardial infarction. Finally, molecular genetic studies have indicated that psychiatric disorders and myocardial infarction may share potential pleiotropic genes. The interplay between the psychiatric conditions and myocardial infarction underscores the importance of integrated care approaches to manage both mental and physical health. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-d7a504b73ea94c6285ea59fcd3d32994 |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 2079-7737 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-03-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Biology |
| spelling | doaj-art-d7a504b73ea94c6285ea59fcd3d329942025-08-20T02:17:24ZengMDPI AGBiology2079-77372025-03-0114433610.3390/biology14040336Pathophysiological Links Between Myocardial Infarction and Anxiety Disorder, Major Depressive Disorder, Bipolar Disorder and SchizophreniaLeong Tung Ong0Ching-Hui Sia1Department of Cardiology, National University Heart Centre, Singapore 119228, SingaporeDepartment of Cardiology, National University Heart Centre, Singapore 119228, SingaporeThere is increasing evidence demonstrating that psychiatric conditions elevate the risk of developing accelerated atherosclerosis and early-onset cardiovascular disease (CVD), including myocardial infarction (MI). Several mechanisms contribute to this observation. The dysfunction of the autonomic nervous system and hyperactivity of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis in these patients contribute to the development of MI. Additionally, patients with underlying psychiatric disorders often have abnormal levels of anti-inflammatory and pro-inflammatory cytokines, which can lead to early vascular damage and subsequent atherosclerosis. Elevated PAI-1 levels, reduced tPA activity, and the decreased brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), influenced by coagulation and inflammation, may contribute to depression and its link to MI. Oxidative stress, marked by increased reactive species and impaired antioxidant defenses, is associated with cellular damage and has been consistently implicated in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, potentially contributing to myocardial infarction. Finally, molecular genetic studies have indicated that psychiatric disorders and myocardial infarction may share potential pleiotropic genes. The interplay between the psychiatric conditions and myocardial infarction underscores the importance of integrated care approaches to manage both mental and physical health.https://www.mdpi.com/2079-7737/14/4/336myocardial infarctionpsychiatric disordersanxiety disordermajor depressive disorderbipolar disorderschizophrenia |
| spellingShingle | Leong Tung Ong Ching-Hui Sia Pathophysiological Links Between Myocardial Infarction and Anxiety Disorder, Major Depressive Disorder, Bipolar Disorder and Schizophrenia Biology myocardial infarction psychiatric disorders anxiety disorder major depressive disorder bipolar disorder schizophrenia |
| title | Pathophysiological Links Between Myocardial Infarction and Anxiety Disorder, Major Depressive Disorder, Bipolar Disorder and Schizophrenia |
| title_full | Pathophysiological Links Between Myocardial Infarction and Anxiety Disorder, Major Depressive Disorder, Bipolar Disorder and Schizophrenia |
| title_fullStr | Pathophysiological Links Between Myocardial Infarction and Anxiety Disorder, Major Depressive Disorder, Bipolar Disorder and Schizophrenia |
| title_full_unstemmed | Pathophysiological Links Between Myocardial Infarction and Anxiety Disorder, Major Depressive Disorder, Bipolar Disorder and Schizophrenia |
| title_short | Pathophysiological Links Between Myocardial Infarction and Anxiety Disorder, Major Depressive Disorder, Bipolar Disorder and Schizophrenia |
| title_sort | pathophysiological links between myocardial infarction and anxiety disorder major depressive disorder bipolar disorder and schizophrenia |
| topic | myocardial infarction psychiatric disorders anxiety disorder major depressive disorder bipolar disorder schizophrenia |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-7737/14/4/336 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT leongtungong pathophysiologicallinksbetweenmyocardialinfarctionandanxietydisordermajordepressivedisorderbipolardisorderandschizophrenia AT chinghuisia pathophysiologicallinksbetweenmyocardialinfarctionandanxietydisordermajordepressivedisorderbipolardisorderandschizophrenia |