An approach for coherent periodogram averaging of tilt‐series data for improved contrast transfer function estimation

Cryo‐electron microscopy (cryo‐EM) has become an indispensable technique for determining three‐dimensional structures of biological macromolecules. A critical aspect of achieving high‐resolution cryo‐EM reconstructions is accurately determining and correcting for the microscope's contrast trans...

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Main Authors: Sagar Khavnekar, William Wan
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Wiley 2025-08-01
Series:FEBS Open Bio
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Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1002/2211-5463.70050
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author Sagar Khavnekar
William Wan
author_facet Sagar Khavnekar
William Wan
author_sort Sagar Khavnekar
collection DOAJ
description Cryo‐electron microscopy (cryo‐EM) has become an indispensable technique for determining three‐dimensional structures of biological macromolecules. A critical aspect of achieving high‐resolution cryo‐EM reconstructions is accurately determining and correcting for the microscope's contrast transfer function (CTF). The CTF introduces defocus‐dependent distortions during imaging; if not properly accounted for, the CTF can distort features in and limit the resolution of 3D reconstructions. For tilt‐series data used in cryo‐electron tomography (cryo‐ET), CTF estimation becomes even more challenging due to the tilt of the specimen, which introduces a defocus gradient across the field of view, as well as the low dose and signal in individual tilt images. Here, we describe a simple algorithm to improve the accuracy of CTF estimation of tilted images by leveraging the tilt‐series alignment parameters determined for tomographic reconstruction to explicitly account for the tilted specimen geometry. In brief, each tilt image is divided into patches, each of which are then stretched according to their defocus shift. These are then summed to provide a coherent power spectrum at the tilt axis, which can then be used in standard CTF estimation algorithms. This uses all the data in each image to enhance the visibility of Thon rings, thereby improving high‐resolution CTF estimation and subsequent enhancements in the resolution of subtomogram averages.
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spelling doaj-art-d76c4e35e1d94746b85b7cf24ec98a562025-08-20T02:59:50ZengWileyFEBS Open Bio2211-54632025-08-011581209121810.1002/2211-5463.70050An approach for coherent periodogram averaging of tilt‐series data for improved contrast transfer function estimationSagar Khavnekar0William Wan1Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry Martinsried GermanyDepartment of Biochemistry and Center for Structural Biology Vanderbilt University Nashville TN USACryo‐electron microscopy (cryo‐EM) has become an indispensable technique for determining three‐dimensional structures of biological macromolecules. A critical aspect of achieving high‐resolution cryo‐EM reconstructions is accurately determining and correcting for the microscope's contrast transfer function (CTF). The CTF introduces defocus‐dependent distortions during imaging; if not properly accounted for, the CTF can distort features in and limit the resolution of 3D reconstructions. For tilt‐series data used in cryo‐electron tomography (cryo‐ET), CTF estimation becomes even more challenging due to the tilt of the specimen, which introduces a defocus gradient across the field of view, as well as the low dose and signal in individual tilt images. Here, we describe a simple algorithm to improve the accuracy of CTF estimation of tilted images by leveraging the tilt‐series alignment parameters determined for tomographic reconstruction to explicitly account for the tilted specimen geometry. In brief, each tilt image is divided into patches, each of which are then stretched according to their defocus shift. These are then summed to provide a coherent power spectrum at the tilt axis, which can then be used in standard CTF estimation algorithms. This uses all the data in each image to enhance the visibility of Thon rings, thereby improving high‐resolution CTF estimation and subsequent enhancements in the resolution of subtomogram averages.https://doi.org/10.1002/2211-5463.70050contrast transfer functioncryo‐electron microscopycryo‐electron tomographystructural biologysubtomogram averaging
spellingShingle Sagar Khavnekar
William Wan
An approach for coherent periodogram averaging of tilt‐series data for improved contrast transfer function estimation
FEBS Open Bio
contrast transfer function
cryo‐electron microscopy
cryo‐electron tomography
structural biology
subtomogram averaging
title An approach for coherent periodogram averaging of tilt‐series data for improved contrast transfer function estimation
title_full An approach for coherent periodogram averaging of tilt‐series data for improved contrast transfer function estimation
title_fullStr An approach for coherent periodogram averaging of tilt‐series data for improved contrast transfer function estimation
title_full_unstemmed An approach for coherent periodogram averaging of tilt‐series data for improved contrast transfer function estimation
title_short An approach for coherent periodogram averaging of tilt‐series data for improved contrast transfer function estimation
title_sort approach for coherent periodogram averaging of tilt series data for improved contrast transfer function estimation
topic contrast transfer function
cryo‐electron microscopy
cryo‐electron tomography
structural biology
subtomogram averaging
url https://doi.org/10.1002/2211-5463.70050
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