Design and modeling of a highly compact negative index floral shape metamaterial for flight navigation applications
Abstract The collision avoidance system (CAS) is a mandatory monitoring apparatus equipped in all aircraft to safeguard flight safety. The CAS scans the predefined regions in a systematic manner for a certain length of time to detect any approaching aircraft that could potentially pose a threat. Thu...
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Nature Portfolio
2025-02-01
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| Series: | Scientific Reports |
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-88612-1 |
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| author | M. Pallavi Praveen Kumar B. R. Shivakumar |
| author_facet | M. Pallavi Praveen Kumar B. R. Shivakumar |
| author_sort | M. Pallavi |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract The collision avoidance system (CAS) is a mandatory monitoring apparatus equipped in all aircraft to safeguard flight safety. The CAS scans the predefined regions in a systematic manner for a certain length of time to detect any approaching aircraft that could potentially pose a threat. Thus, CAS requires a focused multi-element radiator which can encompass the complete azimuth region. Recent years have seen a growing emphasis on enhancing the efficiency of CAS antennas because of several constraints, such as low gain (3.6 dB), larger dimensions, substantial side-lobe amplitude (− 7 dB), and challenges with beam adaptation. The current research strives to enhance the gain of a CAS antenna by incorporating the basic idea of metamaterials (MTMs). Therefore, a compact floral-shaped double negative (DNG) MTM design is proposed. The CAS antenna routes the signal throughout the complete azimuth region, so the designed MTM must be proficient to withstand its DNG characteristics for different incident angles. Hence, the proposed design is tested at various incident angles spanning between to along the azimuth region, at a deviation. The results indicate that the proposed structure retains its DNG behavior in the desired frequency range, regardless of the incident angles. The computed effective medium ratio of the structure is 13.47 at the CAS central frequency (1.06 GHz), highlighting its compactness and efficacy. Furthermore, to analyze the function of the structure on the antenna, the unit-element (UE) is expanded to a 5 × 4 array and deployed as an additional layer on the radiator at a predetermined distance. The addition of MTM to the radiator outperformed the conventional radiator by enhancing the antenna gain, by 2.6 dB, respectively. Additionally, to confirm the experimental findings, the UE and array designs are fabricated, and the fabrication results align closely with the simulation results. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-d721999399f94806b2817c6ebcffa0d1 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2045-2322 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-02-01 |
| publisher | Nature Portfolio |
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| series | Scientific Reports |
| spelling | doaj-art-d721999399f94806b2817c6ebcffa0d12025-02-09T12:32:13ZengNature PortfolioScientific Reports2045-23222025-02-0115112910.1038/s41598-025-88612-1Design and modeling of a highly compact negative index floral shape metamaterial for flight navigation applicationsM. Pallavi0Praveen Kumar1B. R. Shivakumar2Department of Aeronautical and Automobile Engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher EducationDepartment of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher EducationDepartment of Electronics and Communication Engineering, NMAM Institute of Technology, Nitte (Deemed to be University)Abstract The collision avoidance system (CAS) is a mandatory monitoring apparatus equipped in all aircraft to safeguard flight safety. The CAS scans the predefined regions in a systematic manner for a certain length of time to detect any approaching aircraft that could potentially pose a threat. Thus, CAS requires a focused multi-element radiator which can encompass the complete azimuth region. Recent years have seen a growing emphasis on enhancing the efficiency of CAS antennas because of several constraints, such as low gain (3.6 dB), larger dimensions, substantial side-lobe amplitude (− 7 dB), and challenges with beam adaptation. The current research strives to enhance the gain of a CAS antenna by incorporating the basic idea of metamaterials (MTMs). Therefore, a compact floral-shaped double negative (DNG) MTM design is proposed. The CAS antenna routes the signal throughout the complete azimuth region, so the designed MTM must be proficient to withstand its DNG characteristics for different incident angles. Hence, the proposed design is tested at various incident angles spanning between to along the azimuth region, at a deviation. The results indicate that the proposed structure retains its DNG behavior in the desired frequency range, regardless of the incident angles. The computed effective medium ratio of the structure is 13.47 at the CAS central frequency (1.06 GHz), highlighting its compactness and efficacy. Furthermore, to analyze the function of the structure on the antenna, the unit-element (UE) is expanded to a 5 × 4 array and deployed as an additional layer on the radiator at a predetermined distance. The addition of MTM to the radiator outperformed the conventional radiator by enhancing the antenna gain, by 2.6 dB, respectively. Additionally, to confirm the experimental findings, the UE and array designs are fabricated, and the fabrication results align closely with the simulation results.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-88612-1Antenna gainCollision avoidance systemFlight navigation applicationMetasurfaceMetamaterial slabNegative refractive index |
| spellingShingle | M. Pallavi Praveen Kumar B. R. Shivakumar Design and modeling of a highly compact negative index floral shape metamaterial for flight navigation applications Scientific Reports Antenna gain Collision avoidance system Flight navigation application Metasurface Metamaterial slab Negative refractive index |
| title | Design and modeling of a highly compact negative index floral shape metamaterial for flight navigation applications |
| title_full | Design and modeling of a highly compact negative index floral shape metamaterial for flight navigation applications |
| title_fullStr | Design and modeling of a highly compact negative index floral shape metamaterial for flight navigation applications |
| title_full_unstemmed | Design and modeling of a highly compact negative index floral shape metamaterial for flight navigation applications |
| title_short | Design and modeling of a highly compact negative index floral shape metamaterial for flight navigation applications |
| title_sort | design and modeling of a highly compact negative index floral shape metamaterial for flight navigation applications |
| topic | Antenna gain Collision avoidance system Flight navigation application Metasurface Metamaterial slab Negative refractive index |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-88612-1 |
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