Determinants of Farmers’ Strategies for Adaptation to Climate Change in Agricultural Production in Afghanistan

Climate variability and extremes adversely affect the agricultural production system, food security, livestock sector, and water resources. With the cumulative effects of climate variability, there is a need to anticipate and develop appropriate adaptation strategies to cope with changing climatic c...

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Main Authors: Senthilnathan Samiappan, Meraj Sarwary, Saravanakumar Venkatachalam, Ezatullah Shinwari, Kokilavani Sembanan, Jeyalakshmi Poornalingam, Kiruthika Natarajan, Nirmaladevi Muthusamy, Indumathi Veeramuthu Murugiah, Satheeshkumar Natesan, Anitha Thiyagarajan, Subasri Kathiravan
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2025-05-01
Series:World
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Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2673-4060/6/2/59
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author Senthilnathan Samiappan
Meraj Sarwary
Saravanakumar Venkatachalam
Ezatullah Shinwari
Kokilavani Sembanan
Jeyalakshmi Poornalingam
Kiruthika Natarajan
Nirmaladevi Muthusamy
Indumathi Veeramuthu Murugiah
Satheeshkumar Natesan
Anitha Thiyagarajan
Subasri Kathiravan
author_facet Senthilnathan Samiappan
Meraj Sarwary
Saravanakumar Venkatachalam
Ezatullah Shinwari
Kokilavani Sembanan
Jeyalakshmi Poornalingam
Kiruthika Natarajan
Nirmaladevi Muthusamy
Indumathi Veeramuthu Murugiah
Satheeshkumar Natesan
Anitha Thiyagarajan
Subasri Kathiravan
author_sort Senthilnathan Samiappan
collection DOAJ
description Climate variability and extremes adversely affect the agricultural production system, food security, livestock sector, and water resources. With the cumulative effects of climate variability, there is a need to anticipate and develop appropriate adaptation strategies to cope with changing climatic conditions. It is necessary to study the adaptation strategies that are to be followed for climate change to examine the ability of vulnerable communities and people, frequently affected by drought and other climate-related risks, to adapt to climate change impacts. Hence, the present study examined the determinants of various climate change adaptation strategies followed by farmers as a measure to face climate variability, which will be ultimately beneficial and enlightening to policymakers to gain knowledge about the measures to be taken to mitigate the impact of climate change. The study was undertaken using data collected from 105 farm households with an organized pre-tested interview schedule in the central agro-climatic zone of Afghanistan. The multivariate probit econometric model was used to analyze the factors responsible for major adaptation strategies to mitigate the impact of climate change. The key findings of the model indicated that the probability of educated farmers migrating to the non-agricultural sector for employment has increased by 1.3 percent, and those who have more land area have adopted a reduction in irrigation by 5.2 percent as an adaptive mechanism. The study also found that having access to technical guidance from extension officials increased the likelihood of farmers changing their cropping pattern by 18.6 percent and of diversifying their farms by 19.2 percent. On the other hand, expert guidance reduced the likelihood of drilling new bore wells by 20.5 percentage points and decreased the probability of selling livestock by 10.8 percentage points. The results of the study provide policy insights to improve the ability of farmers to modify their practices through improvement in extension services, irrigation infrastructure facilities, watershed development, and climate-resilient agricultural systems.
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spelling doaj-art-d70c5ef2ca6f4fdcb0eece319170e5d42025-08-20T02:21:54ZengMDPI AGWorld2673-40602025-05-01625910.3390/world6020059Determinants of Farmers’ Strategies for Adaptation to Climate Change in Agricultural Production in AfghanistanSenthilnathan Samiappan0Meraj Sarwary1Saravanakumar Venkatachalam2Ezatullah Shinwari3Kokilavani Sembanan4Jeyalakshmi Poornalingam5Kiruthika Natarajan6Nirmaladevi Muthusamy7Indumathi Veeramuthu Murugiah8Satheeshkumar Natesan9Anitha Thiyagarajan10Subasri Kathiravan11Department of Agronomy, Directorate of Crop Management, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641007, Tamil Nadu, IndiaDepartment of Agricultural Economics & Extension, Faculty of Agriculture, Nangarhar University, Jalalabad 2601, Nangarhar, AfghanistanDepartment of Agricultural Economics, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641003, Tamil Nadu, IndiaDepartment of Agricultural Economics & Extension, Sayed Jamaluddin Afghani University, Asadabad 2801, Kunar, AfghanistanAgro Climate Research Centre, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641003, Tamil Nadu, IndiaDepartment of Agricultural Economics, VOC Agricultural College and Research Institute, TNAU, Vallanad 628252, Tamil Nadu, IndiaDepartment of Social Sciences, Anbil Dharmalingam Agricultural College and Research Institute, TNAU, Tiruchirappalli 620027, Tamil Nadu, IndiaDepartment of Physical Sciences & Information Technology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641003, Tamil Nadu, IndiaDepartment of Agricultural and Rural Management, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641003, Tamil Nadu, IndiaMaize Research Station, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Vagarai 624613, Tamil Nadu, IndiaDepartment of Post Harvest Technology, Horticultural College and Research Institute, TNAU, Periyakulam 625604, Tamil Nadu, IndiaDepartment of Agricultural Economics, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641003, Tamil Nadu, IndiaClimate variability and extremes adversely affect the agricultural production system, food security, livestock sector, and water resources. With the cumulative effects of climate variability, there is a need to anticipate and develop appropriate adaptation strategies to cope with changing climatic conditions. It is necessary to study the adaptation strategies that are to be followed for climate change to examine the ability of vulnerable communities and people, frequently affected by drought and other climate-related risks, to adapt to climate change impacts. Hence, the present study examined the determinants of various climate change adaptation strategies followed by farmers as a measure to face climate variability, which will be ultimately beneficial and enlightening to policymakers to gain knowledge about the measures to be taken to mitigate the impact of climate change. The study was undertaken using data collected from 105 farm households with an organized pre-tested interview schedule in the central agro-climatic zone of Afghanistan. The multivariate probit econometric model was used to analyze the factors responsible for major adaptation strategies to mitigate the impact of climate change. The key findings of the model indicated that the probability of educated farmers migrating to the non-agricultural sector for employment has increased by 1.3 percent, and those who have more land area have adopted a reduction in irrigation by 5.2 percent as an adaptive mechanism. The study also found that having access to technical guidance from extension officials increased the likelihood of farmers changing their cropping pattern by 18.6 percent and of diversifying their farms by 19.2 percent. On the other hand, expert guidance reduced the likelihood of drilling new bore wells by 20.5 percentage points and decreased the probability of selling livestock by 10.8 percentage points. The results of the study provide policy insights to improve the ability of farmers to modify their practices through improvement in extension services, irrigation infrastructure facilities, watershed development, and climate-resilient agricultural systems.https://www.mdpi.com/2673-4060/6/2/59agricultureadaptation strategiesclimate variabilitydeterminantsfarmersprobit model
spellingShingle Senthilnathan Samiappan
Meraj Sarwary
Saravanakumar Venkatachalam
Ezatullah Shinwari
Kokilavani Sembanan
Jeyalakshmi Poornalingam
Kiruthika Natarajan
Nirmaladevi Muthusamy
Indumathi Veeramuthu Murugiah
Satheeshkumar Natesan
Anitha Thiyagarajan
Subasri Kathiravan
Determinants of Farmers’ Strategies for Adaptation to Climate Change in Agricultural Production in Afghanistan
World
agriculture
adaptation strategies
climate variability
determinants
farmers
probit model
title Determinants of Farmers’ Strategies for Adaptation to Climate Change in Agricultural Production in Afghanistan
title_full Determinants of Farmers’ Strategies for Adaptation to Climate Change in Agricultural Production in Afghanistan
title_fullStr Determinants of Farmers’ Strategies for Adaptation to Climate Change in Agricultural Production in Afghanistan
title_full_unstemmed Determinants of Farmers’ Strategies for Adaptation to Climate Change in Agricultural Production in Afghanistan
title_short Determinants of Farmers’ Strategies for Adaptation to Climate Change in Agricultural Production in Afghanistan
title_sort determinants of farmers strategies for adaptation to climate change in agricultural production in afghanistan
topic agriculture
adaptation strategies
climate variability
determinants
farmers
probit model
url https://www.mdpi.com/2673-4060/6/2/59
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