Early Optical Follow-Up Observations of <i>Einstein Probe</i> X-Ray Transients During the First Year
We present early follow-up observations of <i>Einstein Probe</i> (<i>EP</i>) X-ray transients, following its first year of operation. <i>EP</i> is a dedicated wide-field X-ray observatory that is transforming our understanding of the dynamic X-ray universe. During...
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2025-05-01
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| author | Siyu Wu Ignacio Pérez-García Alberto J. Castro-Tirado Youdong Hu Maria Gritsevich María D. Caballero-García Rubén Sánchez-Ramírez Sergiy Guziy Emilio J. Fernández-García Guillermo García Segura Carlos Pérez-del-Pulgar Dingrong Xiong Bin-Bin Zhang |
| author_facet | Siyu Wu Ignacio Pérez-García Alberto J. Castro-Tirado Youdong Hu Maria Gritsevich María D. Caballero-García Rubén Sánchez-Ramírez Sergiy Guziy Emilio J. Fernández-García Guillermo García Segura Carlos Pérez-del-Pulgar Dingrong Xiong Bin-Bin Zhang |
| author_sort | Siyu Wu |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | We present early follow-up observations of <i>Einstein Probe</i> (<i>EP</i>) X-ray transients, following its first year of operation. <i>EP</i> is a dedicated wide-field X-ray observatory that is transforming our understanding of the dynamic X-ray universe. During its first year, <i>EP</i> successfully detected a diverse range of high-energy transients—including gamma-ray bursts (GRBs), tidal disruption events (TDEs), and fast X-ray transients (FXTs), besides many stellar flares, disseminating 128 alerts in the aggregate. Ground-based optical follow-up observations, particularly those performed by our BOOTES telescope network, have played a crucial role in multi-wavelength campaigns carried out so far. Out of the 128 events, the BOOTES Network has been able to follow up 58 events, detecting 6 optical counterparts at early times. These complementary optical measurements have enabled rapid identification of counterparts, precise redshift determinations (such as EP250215a at <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>z</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>4.61</mn></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>), and detailed characterization of the transient phenomena. The synergy between <i>EP</i>’s cutting-edge X-ray monitoring and the essential optical follow-up provided by facilities, such as the above-mentioned BOOTES Global Network or other Spanish ground-based facilities we have access to, underscores the importance and necessity of coordinated observations in the era of time-domain and multi-messenger astrophysics. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-d706d4f3189c4db89c7d353228591288 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2075-4434 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-05-01 |
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| spelling | doaj-art-d706d4f3189c4db89c7d3532285912882025-08-20T03:26:56ZengMDPI AGGalaxies2075-44342025-05-011336210.3390/galaxies13030062Early Optical Follow-Up Observations of <i>Einstein Probe</i> X-Ray Transients During the First YearSiyu Wu0Ignacio Pérez-García1Alberto J. Castro-Tirado2Youdong Hu3Maria Gritsevich4María D. Caballero-García5Rubén Sánchez-Ramírez6Sergiy Guziy7Emilio J. Fernández-García8Guillermo García Segura9Carlos Pérez-del-Pulgar10Dingrong Xiong11Bin-Bin Zhang12Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IAA-CSIC), Glorieta de la Astronomía, s/n, 18080 Granada, SpainInstituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IAA-CSIC), Glorieta de la Astronomía, s/n, 18080 Granada, SpainInstituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IAA-CSIC), Glorieta de la Astronomía, s/n, 18080 Granada, SpainSchool of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, 100 East Daxue Road, Xixiangtang, Nanning 530004, ChinaSwedish Institute of Space Physics (IRF), Bengt Hultqvists Väg 1, 981 92 Kiruna, SwedenInstituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IAA-CSIC), Glorieta de la Astronomía, s/n, 18080 Granada, SpainInstituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IAA-CSIC), Glorieta de la Astronomía, s/n, 18080 Granada, SpainInstituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IAA-CSIC), Glorieta de la Astronomía, s/n, 18080 Granada, SpainInstituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IAA-CSIC), Glorieta de la Astronomía, s/n, 18080 Granada, SpainInstituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IAA-CSIC), Glorieta de la Astronomía, s/n, 18080 Granada, SpainDepartamento de Ingeniería de Sistemas y Automática, Unidad Asociada al CSIC por el IAA, Escuela de Ingenierías Industriales, Universidad de Málaga, C. Dr. Ortiz Ramos s/n, 29071 Málaga, SpainYunnan Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 396 Yangfangwang, Guandu District, Kunming 650216, ChinaSchool of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Road, Nanjing 210023, ChinaWe present early follow-up observations of <i>Einstein Probe</i> (<i>EP</i>) X-ray transients, following its first year of operation. <i>EP</i> is a dedicated wide-field X-ray observatory that is transforming our understanding of the dynamic X-ray universe. During its first year, <i>EP</i> successfully detected a diverse range of high-energy transients—including gamma-ray bursts (GRBs), tidal disruption events (TDEs), and fast X-ray transients (FXTs), besides many stellar flares, disseminating 128 alerts in the aggregate. Ground-based optical follow-up observations, particularly those performed by our BOOTES telescope network, have played a crucial role in multi-wavelength campaigns carried out so far. Out of the 128 events, the BOOTES Network has been able to follow up 58 events, detecting 6 optical counterparts at early times. These complementary optical measurements have enabled rapid identification of counterparts, precise redshift determinations (such as EP250215a at <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>z</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>4.61</mn></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>), and detailed characterization of the transient phenomena. The synergy between <i>EP</i>’s cutting-edge X-ray monitoring and the essential optical follow-up provided by facilities, such as the above-mentioned BOOTES Global Network or other Spanish ground-based facilities we have access to, underscores the importance and necessity of coordinated observations in the era of time-domain and multi-messenger astrophysics.https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4434/13/3/62<i>Einstein Probe</i>X-ray transientsfollow-up observationsgamma-ray bursts |
| spellingShingle | Siyu Wu Ignacio Pérez-García Alberto J. Castro-Tirado Youdong Hu Maria Gritsevich María D. Caballero-García Rubén Sánchez-Ramírez Sergiy Guziy Emilio J. Fernández-García Guillermo García Segura Carlos Pérez-del-Pulgar Dingrong Xiong Bin-Bin Zhang Early Optical Follow-Up Observations of <i>Einstein Probe</i> X-Ray Transients During the First Year Galaxies <i>Einstein Probe</i> X-ray transients follow-up observations gamma-ray bursts |
| title | Early Optical Follow-Up Observations of <i>Einstein Probe</i> X-Ray Transients During the First Year |
| title_full | Early Optical Follow-Up Observations of <i>Einstein Probe</i> X-Ray Transients During the First Year |
| title_fullStr | Early Optical Follow-Up Observations of <i>Einstein Probe</i> X-Ray Transients During the First Year |
| title_full_unstemmed | Early Optical Follow-Up Observations of <i>Einstein Probe</i> X-Ray Transients During the First Year |
| title_short | Early Optical Follow-Up Observations of <i>Einstein Probe</i> X-Ray Transients During the First Year |
| title_sort | early optical follow up observations of i einstein probe i x ray transients during the first year |
| topic | <i>Einstein Probe</i> X-ray transients follow-up observations gamma-ray bursts |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4434/13/3/62 |
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