Short-, Medium-, and Long-Chain Chlorinated Paraffins in Indoor Dust from South China and the Midwestern United States
In the present study, liquid chromatography–quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF-MS) was employed to analyze chlorinated paraffin (CP) homolog distributions and concentrations in household dust from South China and the Midwestern United States. The median levels of short-, medium-, a...
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2025-05-01
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| author | Shuyue Wang Qiuyan Ke Wenwen Sun Yukun Chen Mehvish Mumtaz Yumeng Shi Xiaotu Liu |
| author_facet | Shuyue Wang Qiuyan Ke Wenwen Sun Yukun Chen Mehvish Mumtaz Yumeng Shi Xiaotu Liu |
| author_sort | Shuyue Wang |
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| description | In the present study, liquid chromatography–quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF-MS) was employed to analyze chlorinated paraffin (CP) homolog distributions and concentrations in household dust from South China and the Midwestern United States. The median levels of short-, medium-, and long-chain CPs (∑SCCPs, ∑MCCPs, ∑LCCPs) in South China were quantified as 23.1, 36.2, and 32.8 μg/g, respectively. Comparatively, the corresponding values in the Midwestern U.S. samples were 9.4, 39.5, and 15.4 μg/g, respectively. Notably, ∑LCCP concentrations in South China significantly exceeded those in the U.S. (<i>p</i> < 0.05), while no difference was found for ∑SCCPs and ∑MCCPs. Additionally, very short-chain CPs (C<sub>≤9</sub>) were detected in 13% of samples across both regions. The distribution of CP homologues in the dust samples from the two regions was similar, with C<sub>13</sub>, C<sub>14</sub>, and C<sub>18</sub> groups as the predominant carbon homologue and Cl<sub>7-8</sub>, Cl<sub>7-9</sub>, and Cl<sub>9-10</sub> as the predominant chlorine homologue of SCCPs, MCCPs, and LCCPs, respectively. Risk assessment indicated dust ingestion-derived CP intakes for adults and toddlers were 2–5 orders of magnitude below reference doses. However, given other exposure pathways and the combined effects of CP monomers, the potential health risks from exposure via dust should not be underestimated. |
| format | Article |
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| institution | Kabale University |
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| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-05-01 |
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| series | Toxics |
| spelling | doaj-art-d6d007352dc846cab7aca583e6c00e692025-08-20T03:27:22ZengMDPI AGToxics2305-63042025-05-0113642810.3390/toxics13060428Short-, Medium-, and Long-Chain Chlorinated Paraffins in Indoor Dust from South China and the Midwestern United StatesShuyue Wang0Qiuyan Ke1Wenwen Sun2Yukun Chen3Mehvish Mumtaz4Yumeng Shi5Xiaotu Liu6College of Environment and Climate, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, ChinaCollege of Environment and Climate, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, ChinaSCIEX (China) Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510623, ChinaSCIEX (China) Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510623, ChinaDepartment of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USAMOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, ChinaCollege of Environment and Climate, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, ChinaIn the present study, liquid chromatography–quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF-MS) was employed to analyze chlorinated paraffin (CP) homolog distributions and concentrations in household dust from South China and the Midwestern United States. The median levels of short-, medium-, and long-chain CPs (∑SCCPs, ∑MCCPs, ∑LCCPs) in South China were quantified as 23.1, 36.2, and 32.8 μg/g, respectively. Comparatively, the corresponding values in the Midwestern U.S. samples were 9.4, 39.5, and 15.4 μg/g, respectively. Notably, ∑LCCP concentrations in South China significantly exceeded those in the U.S. (<i>p</i> < 0.05), while no difference was found for ∑SCCPs and ∑MCCPs. Additionally, very short-chain CPs (C<sub>≤9</sub>) were detected in 13% of samples across both regions. The distribution of CP homologues in the dust samples from the two regions was similar, with C<sub>13</sub>, C<sub>14</sub>, and C<sub>18</sub> groups as the predominant carbon homologue and Cl<sub>7-8</sub>, Cl<sub>7-9</sub>, and Cl<sub>9-10</sub> as the predominant chlorine homologue of SCCPs, MCCPs, and LCCPs, respectively. Risk assessment indicated dust ingestion-derived CP intakes for adults and toddlers were 2–5 orders of magnitude below reference doses. However, given other exposure pathways and the combined effects of CP monomers, the potential health risks from exposure via dust should not be underestimated.https://www.mdpi.com/2305-6304/13/6/428chlorinated paraffinshouse dustdaily intakelong-chain chlorinated paraffins |
| spellingShingle | Shuyue Wang Qiuyan Ke Wenwen Sun Yukun Chen Mehvish Mumtaz Yumeng Shi Xiaotu Liu Short-, Medium-, and Long-Chain Chlorinated Paraffins in Indoor Dust from South China and the Midwestern United States Toxics chlorinated paraffins house dust daily intake long-chain chlorinated paraffins |
| title | Short-, Medium-, and Long-Chain Chlorinated Paraffins in Indoor Dust from South China and the Midwestern United States |
| title_full | Short-, Medium-, and Long-Chain Chlorinated Paraffins in Indoor Dust from South China and the Midwestern United States |
| title_fullStr | Short-, Medium-, and Long-Chain Chlorinated Paraffins in Indoor Dust from South China and the Midwestern United States |
| title_full_unstemmed | Short-, Medium-, and Long-Chain Chlorinated Paraffins in Indoor Dust from South China and the Midwestern United States |
| title_short | Short-, Medium-, and Long-Chain Chlorinated Paraffins in Indoor Dust from South China and the Midwestern United States |
| title_sort | short medium and long chain chlorinated paraffins in indoor dust from south china and the midwestern united states |
| topic | chlorinated paraffins house dust daily intake long-chain chlorinated paraffins |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2305-6304/13/6/428 |
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