Critical period for alligator weed (Alternanthera philoxeroides) in puddled transplanted rice
Alligator weed (Alternanthera philoxeroides), an invasive plant in Pakistan due to its amphibious growth habit, has become a problematic weed for puddled transplanted rice (PTR). To assess the critical timing of removal (CTWR) and rice yield losses caused by this weed, a two-year field investigatio...
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Society of Eminent Biological Scientists
2025-08-01
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| Series: | International Journal of Applied and Experimental Biology |
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| Online Access: | https://submissions.eminentscientists.com/index.php/IJAEB/article/view/172 |
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| author | Azhar Mehmood Asif Tanveer Rizwan Maqbool Muhammad Ehsan Safar Muhammad Mansoor Javaid Muhammad Ather Nadeem |
| author_facet | Azhar Mehmood Asif Tanveer Rizwan Maqbool Muhammad Ehsan Safar Muhammad Mansoor Javaid Muhammad Ather Nadeem |
| author_sort | Azhar Mehmood |
| collection | DOAJ |
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Alligator weed (Alternanthera philoxeroides), an invasive plant in Pakistan due to its amphibious growth habit, has become a problematic weed for puddled transplanted rice (PTR). To assess the critical timing of removal (CTWR) and rice yield losses caused by this weed, a two-year field investigation was conducted. The treatments included varying alligator weed-crop competition durations for the initial 4 weeks following transplanting (WFT), 6 WFT, 8 WFT, and 10 WFT. The whole season, weedy and weed-free treatments were also kept. During both years, a gradual decline in paddy yield and rice quality parameters occurred with the prolongation in weedy period due to an increase in alligator weed’s dry weight (up to 196%), N-uptake (up to 114%), P-uptake (up to124%), K-uptake (up to 134%), Cu-uptake (up to 101%), Fe-uptake (up to 21%), Zn-uptake (up to 81%), and Mn-uptake (up to 58%). Consequently, the full-season alligator weed competition resulted in the highest reductions in paddy yield (21.6%-22.3%), fertile tillers per hill (10.5%-11.5%), kernels per panicle (3.1%-3.7%), 1000-kernel weight (15.4%-21.2%), kernel amylose content (12.9%-13.5%), and protein content (12.5%-21.6%) during the first and second years’ experiments, respectively. The alligator weed infestation increased in percentages of sterile spikelets (56%-69%), opaque kernels (27%-28%), and chalky kernels (17%-18%) of rice. The logistic model estimated the CTWR of the alligator weed in puddled transplanted rice (PTR) to be 6.1 WFT and 5.7 WFT in order to prevent 5% yield losses during the years 2011 and 2012.
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| format | Article |
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| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 2790-6523 2790-6531 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-08-01 |
| publisher | Society of Eminent Biological Scientists |
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| series | International Journal of Applied and Experimental Biology |
| spelling | doaj-art-d6baa8ef3f034d0ead42f20afaa6fc6c2025-08-20T02:55:09ZengSociety of Eminent Biological ScientistsInternational Journal of Applied and Experimental Biology2790-65232790-65312025-08-011110.56612/ijaaeb.v1i1.172Critical period for alligator weed (Alternanthera philoxeroides) in puddled transplanted riceAzhar Mehmood0Asif Tanveer1Rizwan Maqbool2Muhammad Ehsan Safar3Muhammad Mansoor Javaid4Muhammad Ather Nadeem5Office of Deputy Director, Soil Conservation, Rajanpur-33500, PakistanDepartment of Agronomy, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad-38000, PakistanDepartment of Agronomy, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad-38000, PakistanDepartment of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, Sargodha-40100, PakistanDepartment of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, Sargodha-40100, PakistanDepartment of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, Sargodha-40100, Pakistan Alligator weed (Alternanthera philoxeroides), an invasive plant in Pakistan due to its amphibious growth habit, has become a problematic weed for puddled transplanted rice (PTR). To assess the critical timing of removal (CTWR) and rice yield losses caused by this weed, a two-year field investigation was conducted. The treatments included varying alligator weed-crop competition durations for the initial 4 weeks following transplanting (WFT), 6 WFT, 8 WFT, and 10 WFT. The whole season, weedy and weed-free treatments were also kept. During both years, a gradual decline in paddy yield and rice quality parameters occurred with the prolongation in weedy period due to an increase in alligator weed’s dry weight (up to 196%), N-uptake (up to 114%), P-uptake (up to124%), K-uptake (up to 134%), Cu-uptake (up to 101%), Fe-uptake (up to 21%), Zn-uptake (up to 81%), and Mn-uptake (up to 58%). Consequently, the full-season alligator weed competition resulted in the highest reductions in paddy yield (21.6%-22.3%), fertile tillers per hill (10.5%-11.5%), kernels per panicle (3.1%-3.7%), 1000-kernel weight (15.4%-21.2%), kernel amylose content (12.9%-13.5%), and protein content (12.5%-21.6%) during the first and second years’ experiments, respectively. The alligator weed infestation increased in percentages of sterile spikelets (56%-69%), opaque kernels (27%-28%), and chalky kernels (17%-18%) of rice. The logistic model estimated the CTWR of the alligator weed in puddled transplanted rice (PTR) to be 6.1 WFT and 5.7 WFT in order to prevent 5% yield losses during the years 2011 and 2012. https://submissions.eminentscientists.com/index.php/IJAEB/article/view/172Critical timingInvasive floraLogistic modelWeed’s dry weightWeeks following transplanting |
| spellingShingle | Azhar Mehmood Asif Tanveer Rizwan Maqbool Muhammad Ehsan Safar Muhammad Mansoor Javaid Muhammad Ather Nadeem Critical period for alligator weed (Alternanthera philoxeroides) in puddled transplanted rice International Journal of Applied and Experimental Biology Critical timing Invasive flora Logistic model Weed’s dry weight Weeks following transplanting |
| title | Critical period for alligator weed (Alternanthera philoxeroides) in puddled transplanted rice |
| title_full | Critical period for alligator weed (Alternanthera philoxeroides) in puddled transplanted rice |
| title_fullStr | Critical period for alligator weed (Alternanthera philoxeroides) in puddled transplanted rice |
| title_full_unstemmed | Critical period for alligator weed (Alternanthera philoxeroides) in puddled transplanted rice |
| title_short | Critical period for alligator weed (Alternanthera philoxeroides) in puddled transplanted rice |
| title_sort | critical period for alligator weed alternanthera philoxeroides in puddled transplanted rice |
| topic | Critical timing Invasive flora Logistic model Weed’s dry weight Weeks following transplanting |
| url | https://submissions.eminentscientists.com/index.php/IJAEB/article/view/172 |
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