Evaluation of an innovative, green, and eco-friendly baclofen-loaded niosome (Baclosome) formulation for pain management by transdermal delivery

Objective(s): Baclofen, a muscle relaxant, exhibits limited dermal penetration, restricting its therapeutic efficacy. This study aimed to optimize baclofen delivery using ultrasonically manufactured niosomes (Baclosomes) for improved antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activity. Materials and Meth...

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Main Authors: Jafar Akbari, Majid Saeedi, Katayoun Morteza-Semnani, Seyede Nastaran Mousavi, Seyyed Mohammad Hassan Hashemi, Seyyed Mobin Rahimnia
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Mashhad University of Medical Sciences 2025-01-01
Series:Nanomedicine Journal
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Online Access:https://nmj.mums.ac.ir/article_25016_4089352b199f8fe654925dc3fcf4c16d.pdf
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author Jafar Akbari
Majid Saeedi
Katayoun Morteza-Semnani
Seyede Nastaran Mousavi
Seyyed Mohammad Hassan Hashemi
Seyyed Mobin Rahimnia
author_facet Jafar Akbari
Majid Saeedi
Katayoun Morteza-Semnani
Seyede Nastaran Mousavi
Seyyed Mohammad Hassan Hashemi
Seyyed Mobin Rahimnia
author_sort Jafar Akbari
collection DOAJ
description Objective(s): Baclofen, a muscle relaxant, exhibits limited dermal penetration, restricting its therapeutic efficacy. This study aimed to optimize baclofen delivery using ultrasonically manufactured niosomes (Baclosomes) for improved antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activity. Materials and Methods: The effect of cholesterol:surfactant (Chol:Surf) ratio on Baclosome characteristics was investigated using powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy. Dermal permeation studies were conducted in rats to assess baclofen delivery to the dermis and recipient compartment. Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects were evaluated using a rat model.Results: Increasing Chol content significantly increased Baclosome particle size. The Chol:Surf ratio also influenced zeta potential (ZP), ranging from -9.10 ± 1.81 to -28.81 ± 1.3mV. DSC and PXRD analyses confirmed the amorphous nature of baclofen within the Baclosomes. There was no chemical interaction between the drug and the excipients which supported by ATR-FTIR analysis. Dermal permeation studies showed higher baclofen levels in the dermis and recipient compartment for Baclosome gel compared to plain baclofen gel, without inducing dermal irritation. Baclosome gel demonstrated significant antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects compared to control groups (baclofen gel and diclofenac gel).Conclusion: This study demonstrated that ultrasonically manufactured Baclosomes effectively enhance baclofen delivery to the skin, resulting in improved antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activity. Optimization of the Chol:Surf ratio significantly influenced Baclosome characteristics, highlighting the potential of this formulation approach for enhancing drug efficacy. This approach could offer a promising strategy for improving the therapeutic benefits of baclofen in treating musculoskeletal pain and inflammation.
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spelling doaj-art-d6489de28e214e728ade97c4b41a5d832025-08-20T03:09:12ZengMashhad University of Medical SciencesNanomedicine Journal2322-30492322-59042025-01-01121596910.22038/nmj.2024.79071.194125016Evaluation of an innovative, green, and eco-friendly baclofen-loaded niosome (Baclosome) formulation for pain management by transdermal deliveryJafar Akbari0Majid Saeedi1Katayoun Morteza-Semnani2Seyede Nastaran Mousavi3Seyyed Mohammad Hassan Hashemi4Seyyed Mobin Rahimnia5Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, IranDepartment of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, IranDepartment of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, IranStudent Research Committee, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, IranFood Health Research Center, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, IranDepartment of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, IranObjective(s): Baclofen, a muscle relaxant, exhibits limited dermal penetration, restricting its therapeutic efficacy. This study aimed to optimize baclofen delivery using ultrasonically manufactured niosomes (Baclosomes) for improved antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activity. Materials and Methods: The effect of cholesterol:surfactant (Chol:Surf) ratio on Baclosome characteristics was investigated using powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy. Dermal permeation studies were conducted in rats to assess baclofen delivery to the dermis and recipient compartment. Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects were evaluated using a rat model.Results: Increasing Chol content significantly increased Baclosome particle size. The Chol:Surf ratio also influenced zeta potential (ZP), ranging from -9.10 ± 1.81 to -28.81 ± 1.3mV. DSC and PXRD analyses confirmed the amorphous nature of baclofen within the Baclosomes. There was no chemical interaction between the drug and the excipients which supported by ATR-FTIR analysis. Dermal permeation studies showed higher baclofen levels in the dermis and recipient compartment for Baclosome gel compared to plain baclofen gel, without inducing dermal irritation. Baclosome gel demonstrated significant antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects compared to control groups (baclofen gel and diclofenac gel).Conclusion: This study demonstrated that ultrasonically manufactured Baclosomes effectively enhance baclofen delivery to the skin, resulting in improved antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activity. Optimization of the Chol:Surf ratio significantly influenced Baclosome characteristics, highlighting the potential of this formulation approach for enhancing drug efficacy. This approach could offer a promising strategy for improving the therapeutic benefits of baclofen in treating musculoskeletal pain and inflammation.https://nmj.mums.ac.ir/article_25016_4089352b199f8fe654925dc3fcf4c16d.pdfanalgesicbaclofengreen synthesisniosometransdermal 
spellingShingle Jafar Akbari
Majid Saeedi
Katayoun Morteza-Semnani
Seyede Nastaran Mousavi
Seyyed Mohammad Hassan Hashemi
Seyyed Mobin Rahimnia
Evaluation of an innovative, green, and eco-friendly baclofen-loaded niosome (Baclosome) formulation for pain management by transdermal delivery
Nanomedicine Journal
analgesic
baclofen
green synthesis
niosome
transdermal 
title Evaluation of an innovative, green, and eco-friendly baclofen-loaded niosome (Baclosome) formulation for pain management by transdermal delivery
title_full Evaluation of an innovative, green, and eco-friendly baclofen-loaded niosome (Baclosome) formulation for pain management by transdermal delivery
title_fullStr Evaluation of an innovative, green, and eco-friendly baclofen-loaded niosome (Baclosome) formulation for pain management by transdermal delivery
title_full_unstemmed Evaluation of an innovative, green, and eco-friendly baclofen-loaded niosome (Baclosome) formulation for pain management by transdermal delivery
title_short Evaluation of an innovative, green, and eco-friendly baclofen-loaded niosome (Baclosome) formulation for pain management by transdermal delivery
title_sort evaluation of an innovative green and eco friendly baclofen loaded niosome baclosome formulation for pain management by transdermal delivery
topic analgesic
baclofen
green synthesis
niosome
transdermal 
url https://nmj.mums.ac.ir/article_25016_4089352b199f8fe654925dc3fcf4c16d.pdf
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