Spatiotemporal Evolution and Multi-Driver Dynamics of Sea-Level Changes in the Yellow–Bohai Seas (1993–2023)
This study analyzes sea-level changes in the Yellow and Bohai Seas from 1993 to 2023 based on satellite altimetry data. After reconstructing the gridded sea-level data using local mean decomposition (LMD), the annual mean sea level was estimated at 28.86 mm, with an average rise rate of 2.21 mm per...
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MDPI AG
2025-05-01
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| Series: | Journal of Marine Science and Engineering |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2077-1312/13/6/1081 |
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| author | Lujie Xiong Fengwei Wang Yanping Jiao Yunqi Zhou |
| author_facet | Lujie Xiong Fengwei Wang Yanping Jiao Yunqi Zhou |
| author_sort | Lujie Xiong |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | This study analyzes sea-level changes in the Yellow and Bohai Seas from 1993 to 2023 based on satellite altimetry data. After reconstructing the gridded sea-level data using local mean decomposition (LMD), the annual mean sea level was estimated at 28.86 mm, with an average rise rate of 2.21 mm per year (mm/a). Temporal and spatial variations were examined through nonlinear least squares fitting to capture interannual variability and decadal amplitude distributions. Empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis identified the first three modes, explaining 90.40%, 2.78%, and 1.47% of the total variance, respectively, and their spatial patterns and temporal coefficients were derived. The first mode was strongly correlated with sea surface temperature (SST) and precipitation, showing distinct spatial structures. Temperature and salinity profiles revealed a decadal-scale trend of increasing temperature and decreasing salinity with depth. Seasonal variations of sea-level anomaly (SLA) were evident, with mean values and trends of −11.47 mm (2.19 mm/a) in spring, 57.12 mm (2.29 mm/a) in summer, 75.68 mm (2.24 mm/a) in autumn, and −13.90 mm (2.11 mm/a) in winter. Seasonal correlations among SLA, SST, salinity, and precipitation were assessed, highlighting interannual amplitude variations. This integrated analysis provides a comprehensive understanding of the dynamics and drivers of sea-level fluctuations, offering insights for future research. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-d5ddfb7f21fd44618c75794f264b7f6d |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 2077-1312 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-05-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Journal of Marine Science and Engineering |
| spelling | doaj-art-d5ddfb7f21fd44618c75794f264b7f6d2025-08-20T03:16:22ZengMDPI AGJournal of Marine Science and Engineering2077-13122025-05-01136108110.3390/jmse13061081Spatiotemporal Evolution and Multi-Driver Dynamics of Sea-Level Changes in the Yellow–Bohai Seas (1993–2023)Lujie Xiong0Fengwei Wang1Yanping Jiao2Yunqi Zhou3Center for Space Research and Technology, Huzhou Institute of Zhejiang University, Huzhou 313000, ChinaCollege of Surveying and Geo-Informatics, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, ChinaCenter for Space Research and Technology, Huzhou Institute of Zhejiang University, Huzhou 313000, ChinaSchool of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1SS, UKThis study analyzes sea-level changes in the Yellow and Bohai Seas from 1993 to 2023 based on satellite altimetry data. After reconstructing the gridded sea-level data using local mean decomposition (LMD), the annual mean sea level was estimated at 28.86 mm, with an average rise rate of 2.21 mm per year (mm/a). Temporal and spatial variations were examined through nonlinear least squares fitting to capture interannual variability and decadal amplitude distributions. Empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis identified the first three modes, explaining 90.40%, 2.78%, and 1.47% of the total variance, respectively, and their spatial patterns and temporal coefficients were derived. The first mode was strongly correlated with sea surface temperature (SST) and precipitation, showing distinct spatial structures. Temperature and salinity profiles revealed a decadal-scale trend of increasing temperature and decreasing salinity with depth. Seasonal variations of sea-level anomaly (SLA) were evident, with mean values and trends of −11.47 mm (2.19 mm/a) in spring, 57.12 mm (2.29 mm/a) in summer, 75.68 mm (2.24 mm/a) in autumn, and −13.90 mm (2.11 mm/a) in winter. Seasonal correlations among SLA, SST, salinity, and precipitation were assessed, highlighting interannual amplitude variations. This integrated analysis provides a comprehensive understanding of the dynamics and drivers of sea-level fluctuations, offering insights for future research.https://www.mdpi.com/2077-1312/13/6/1081spatiotemporal evolutionsea level changeYellow-Bohai SeascausesLMDempirical orthogonal function |
| spellingShingle | Lujie Xiong Fengwei Wang Yanping Jiao Yunqi Zhou Spatiotemporal Evolution and Multi-Driver Dynamics of Sea-Level Changes in the Yellow–Bohai Seas (1993–2023) Journal of Marine Science and Engineering spatiotemporal evolution sea level change Yellow-Bohai Seas causes LMD empirical orthogonal function |
| title | Spatiotemporal Evolution and Multi-Driver Dynamics of Sea-Level Changes in the Yellow–Bohai Seas (1993–2023) |
| title_full | Spatiotemporal Evolution and Multi-Driver Dynamics of Sea-Level Changes in the Yellow–Bohai Seas (1993–2023) |
| title_fullStr | Spatiotemporal Evolution and Multi-Driver Dynamics of Sea-Level Changes in the Yellow–Bohai Seas (1993–2023) |
| title_full_unstemmed | Spatiotemporal Evolution and Multi-Driver Dynamics of Sea-Level Changes in the Yellow–Bohai Seas (1993–2023) |
| title_short | Spatiotemporal Evolution and Multi-Driver Dynamics of Sea-Level Changes in the Yellow–Bohai Seas (1993–2023) |
| title_sort | spatiotemporal evolution and multi driver dynamics of sea level changes in the yellow bohai seas 1993 2023 |
| topic | spatiotemporal evolution sea level change Yellow-Bohai Seas causes LMD empirical orthogonal function |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2077-1312/13/6/1081 |
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