Molecular Detection of <i>Anaplasma marginale</i> in <i>Amblyomma mixtum</i> Infesting Cattle in the Major Livestock-Producing States of Mexico

Bovine anaplasmosis is a tick-borne disease caused by <i>Anaplasma marginale</i>, although mechanical transmission by biting flies also occurs. Infection with <i>A. marginale</i> can reach 26% mortality and morbidity is associated with reduced beef and milk production, causin...

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Main Authors: Carolina Cárdenas-Amaya, Dora Romero-Salas, Marta Rafael, Jenny J. Chaparro-Gutiérrez, Sara López-Osorio, Mariel Aguilar-Domínguez, Miguel Á. Alonso-Díaz, Adalberto Á. Pérez de León, José de la Fuente
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Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2025-02-01
Series:Pathogens
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Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/14/3/214
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author Carolina Cárdenas-Amaya
Dora Romero-Salas
Marta Rafael
Jenny J. Chaparro-Gutiérrez
Sara López-Osorio
Mariel Aguilar-Domínguez
Miguel Á. Alonso-Díaz
Adalberto Á. Pérez de León
José de la Fuente
author_facet Carolina Cárdenas-Amaya
Dora Romero-Salas
Marta Rafael
Jenny J. Chaparro-Gutiérrez
Sara López-Osorio
Mariel Aguilar-Domínguez
Miguel Á. Alonso-Díaz
Adalberto Á. Pérez de León
José de la Fuente
author_sort Carolina Cárdenas-Amaya
collection DOAJ
description Bovine anaplasmosis is a tick-borne disease caused by <i>Anaplasma marginale</i>, although mechanical transmission by biting flies also occurs. Infection with <i>A. marginale</i> can reach 26% mortality and morbidity is associated with reduced beef and milk production, causing economic losses for livestock producers. Between March 2022 and July 2023, 1920 ticks were collected from 52 cattle production units in major cattle-producing states in Mexico, including Chiapas, Jalisco, Michoacán, Tabasco, and Veracruz. Of all the ticks collected, 35.57% were morphologically identified as <i>Amblyomma mixtum</i>. Samples of <i>A. mixtum</i> from each state, totaling 271, were tested for <i>A. marginale</i> via polymerase chain reaction (PCR). <i>A. marginale</i> was detected molecularly in 15.3% of <i>A. mixtum</i> samples. <i>A. mixtum</i> from Chiapas had the highest prevalence of <i>A. marginale</i> (24.0%), followed by Tabasco and Veracruz (20.0% each), Jalisco (15.2%), and Michoacán (6.6%). Phylogenetic analysis supported the morphological identification of <i>A. mixtum</i> and confirmed the genetic identity of <i>A. marginale</i>. This research is the first report on the molecular detection of <i>A. marginale</i> in <i>A. mixtum</i> ticks in Mexico. Results suggest that this 3-host tick species might be a potential vector. <i>A. mixtum</i> is Mexico’s second most economically significant tick feeding on cattle after <i>Rhipicephalus microplus</i>. This information about <i>A. marginale</i> prevalence in <i>A. mixtum</i> expands our understanding of bovine anaplasmosis epidemiology in Mexico. Further research is needed to assess the role of <i>A. mixtum</i> as a vector of <i>A. marginale</i>.
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spelling doaj-art-d5d77e599feb4f6a84e90ec8d13508382025-08-20T03:43:31ZengMDPI AGPathogens2076-08172025-02-0114321410.3390/pathogens14030214Molecular Detection of <i>Anaplasma marginale</i> in <i>Amblyomma mixtum</i> Infesting Cattle in the Major Livestock-Producing States of MexicoCarolina Cárdenas-Amaya0Dora Romero-Salas1Marta Rafael2Jenny J. Chaparro-Gutiérrez3Sara López-Osorio4Mariel Aguilar-Domínguez5Miguel Á. Alonso-Díaz6Adalberto Á. Pérez de León7José de la Fuente8Laboratorio de Parasitología, Rancho “Torreón del Molino”, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Veracruzana, Carretera Veracruz-Xalapa Km. 14.5, Col. Valente Díaz, Veracruz 91697, CP, MexicoLaboratorio de Parasitología, Rancho “Torreón del Molino”, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Veracruzana, Carretera Veracruz-Xalapa Km. 14.5, Col. Valente Díaz, Veracruz 91697, CP, MexicoGrupo de Investigación en Sanidad y Biotecnología (SaBio), Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (IREC), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha (UCLM)-Junta de Comunidades de Castilla-La Mancha (JCCM), Ronda de Toledo 12, 13005 Ciudad Real, SpainGrupo de Investigación Centro de Investigaciones Básicas y Aplicadas en Veterinaria (CIBAV), Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad de Antioquia (UdeA), Carrera 75 No 65-87 Bloque 47-241, Medellín 050034, ColombiaGrupo de Investigación Centro de Investigaciones Básicas y Aplicadas en Veterinaria (CIBAV), Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad de Antioquia (UdeA), Carrera 75 No 65-87 Bloque 47-241, Medellín 050034, ColombiaLaboratorio de Parasitología, Rancho “Torreón del Molino”, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Veracruzana, Carretera Veracruz-Xalapa Km. 14.5, Col. Valente Díaz, Veracruz 91697, CP, MexicoCentro de Enseñanza, Investigación y Extensión en Ganadería Tropical (CEIEGT), Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Km. 5.5 Carr. Fed. Martínez de la Torre-Tlapacoyan, Veracruz 93650, CP, MexicoUnited States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, 9611 South Riverbend Avenue, Parlier, CA 93648, USAGrupo de Investigación en Sanidad y Biotecnología (SaBio), Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (IREC), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha (UCLM)-Junta de Comunidades de Castilla-La Mancha (JCCM), Ronda de Toledo 12, 13005 Ciudad Real, SpainBovine anaplasmosis is a tick-borne disease caused by <i>Anaplasma marginale</i>, although mechanical transmission by biting flies also occurs. Infection with <i>A. marginale</i> can reach 26% mortality and morbidity is associated with reduced beef and milk production, causing economic losses for livestock producers. Between March 2022 and July 2023, 1920 ticks were collected from 52 cattle production units in major cattle-producing states in Mexico, including Chiapas, Jalisco, Michoacán, Tabasco, and Veracruz. Of all the ticks collected, 35.57% were morphologically identified as <i>Amblyomma mixtum</i>. Samples of <i>A. mixtum</i> from each state, totaling 271, were tested for <i>A. marginale</i> via polymerase chain reaction (PCR). <i>A. marginale</i> was detected molecularly in 15.3% of <i>A. mixtum</i> samples. <i>A. mixtum</i> from Chiapas had the highest prevalence of <i>A. marginale</i> (24.0%), followed by Tabasco and Veracruz (20.0% each), Jalisco (15.2%), and Michoacán (6.6%). Phylogenetic analysis supported the morphological identification of <i>A. mixtum</i> and confirmed the genetic identity of <i>A. marginale</i>. This research is the first report on the molecular detection of <i>A. marginale</i> in <i>A. mixtum</i> ticks in Mexico. Results suggest that this 3-host tick species might be a potential vector. <i>A. mixtum</i> is Mexico’s second most economically significant tick feeding on cattle after <i>Rhipicephalus microplus</i>. This information about <i>A. marginale</i> prevalence in <i>A. mixtum</i> expands our understanding of bovine anaplasmosis epidemiology in Mexico. Further research is needed to assess the role of <i>A. mixtum</i> as a vector of <i>A. marginale</i>.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/14/3/214hemoparasiteanaplasmosisthree-host tickbovine<i>Anaplasma marginale</i><i>Amblyomma mixtum</i>
spellingShingle Carolina Cárdenas-Amaya
Dora Romero-Salas
Marta Rafael
Jenny J. Chaparro-Gutiérrez
Sara López-Osorio
Mariel Aguilar-Domínguez
Miguel Á. Alonso-Díaz
Adalberto Á. Pérez de León
José de la Fuente
Molecular Detection of <i>Anaplasma marginale</i> in <i>Amblyomma mixtum</i> Infesting Cattle in the Major Livestock-Producing States of Mexico
Pathogens
hemoparasite
anaplasmosis
three-host tick
bovine
<i>Anaplasma marginale</i>
<i>Amblyomma mixtum</i>
title Molecular Detection of <i>Anaplasma marginale</i> in <i>Amblyomma mixtum</i> Infesting Cattle in the Major Livestock-Producing States of Mexico
title_full Molecular Detection of <i>Anaplasma marginale</i> in <i>Amblyomma mixtum</i> Infesting Cattle in the Major Livestock-Producing States of Mexico
title_fullStr Molecular Detection of <i>Anaplasma marginale</i> in <i>Amblyomma mixtum</i> Infesting Cattle in the Major Livestock-Producing States of Mexico
title_full_unstemmed Molecular Detection of <i>Anaplasma marginale</i> in <i>Amblyomma mixtum</i> Infesting Cattle in the Major Livestock-Producing States of Mexico
title_short Molecular Detection of <i>Anaplasma marginale</i> in <i>Amblyomma mixtum</i> Infesting Cattle in the Major Livestock-Producing States of Mexico
title_sort molecular detection of i anaplasma marginale i in i amblyomma mixtum i infesting cattle in the major livestock producing states of mexico
topic hemoparasite
anaplasmosis
three-host tick
bovine
<i>Anaplasma marginale</i>
<i>Amblyomma mixtum</i>
url https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/14/3/214
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