Case study on force compliant robot arm controller for nasopharyngeal swab insertion

Abstract The nasopharyngeal (NP) swab sample test, commonly used to detect COVID-19 and other respiratory illnesses, involves moving a swab through the nasal cavity to collect samples from the nasopharynx. While typically this is done by human healthcare workers, there is a significant societal inte...

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Main Authors: Peter Q. Lee, John S. Zelek, Katja Mombaur
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Nature Portfolio 2025-07-01
Series:Scientific Reports
Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-06032-7
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author Peter Q. Lee
John S. Zelek
Katja Mombaur
author_facet Peter Q. Lee
John S. Zelek
Katja Mombaur
author_sort Peter Q. Lee
collection DOAJ
description Abstract The nasopharyngeal (NP) swab sample test, commonly used to detect COVID-19 and other respiratory illnesses, involves moving a swab through the nasal cavity to collect samples from the nasopharynx. While typically this is done by human healthcare workers, there is a significant societal interest to enable robots to do this test to reduce exposure to patients and to free up human resources. The task is challenging from the robotics perspective because of the dexterity and safety requirements. While other works have implemented specific hardware solutions, our research differentiates itself by using a ubiquitous rigid robotic arm. This work presents a case study where we investigate the strengths and challenges using compliant control system to accomplish NP swab tests with such a robotic configuration. To accomplish this, we designed a force sensing end-effector that integrates with the proposed torque controlled compliant control loop. We then conducted experiments where the robot inserted NP swabs into a 3D printed nasal cavity phantom. Ultimately, we found that the compliant control system outperformed a basic position controller and shows promise for human use. However, further efforts are needed to ensure the initial alignment with the nostril and to address head motion.
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spelling doaj-art-d5c7788eaaa449f6a2102a1ce630ca8e2025-08-20T04:01:25ZengNature PortfolioScientific Reports2045-23222025-07-0115111110.1038/s41598-025-06032-7Case study on force compliant robot arm controller for nasopharyngeal swab insertionPeter Q. Lee0John S. Zelek1Katja Mombaur2Systems Design Engineering, University of WaterlooSystems Design Engineering, University of WaterlooSystems Design Engineering, University of WaterlooAbstract The nasopharyngeal (NP) swab sample test, commonly used to detect COVID-19 and other respiratory illnesses, involves moving a swab through the nasal cavity to collect samples from the nasopharynx. While typically this is done by human healthcare workers, there is a significant societal interest to enable robots to do this test to reduce exposure to patients and to free up human resources. The task is challenging from the robotics perspective because of the dexterity and safety requirements. While other works have implemented specific hardware solutions, our research differentiates itself by using a ubiquitous rigid robotic arm. This work presents a case study where we investigate the strengths and challenges using compliant control system to accomplish NP swab tests with such a robotic configuration. To accomplish this, we designed a force sensing end-effector that integrates with the proposed torque controlled compliant control loop. We then conducted experiments where the robot inserted NP swabs into a 3D printed nasal cavity phantom. Ultimately, we found that the compliant control system outperformed a basic position controller and shows promise for human use. However, further efforts are needed to ensure the initial alignment with the nostril and to address head motion.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-06032-7
spellingShingle Peter Q. Lee
John S. Zelek
Katja Mombaur
Case study on force compliant robot arm controller for nasopharyngeal swab insertion
Scientific Reports
title Case study on force compliant robot arm controller for nasopharyngeal swab insertion
title_full Case study on force compliant robot arm controller for nasopharyngeal swab insertion
title_fullStr Case study on force compliant robot arm controller for nasopharyngeal swab insertion
title_full_unstemmed Case study on force compliant robot arm controller for nasopharyngeal swab insertion
title_short Case study on force compliant robot arm controller for nasopharyngeal swab insertion
title_sort case study on force compliant robot arm controller for nasopharyngeal swab insertion
url https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-06032-7
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AT katjamombaur casestudyonforcecompliantrobotarmcontrollerfornasopharyngealswabinsertion