Recovery of Salmonella and Listeria monocytogenes from Nonporous Surfaces Based on Surface Sampler Type

Surface sampling devices ranging in material composition and size can be used in environmental monitoring programs. This study aimed to compare the bacterial recovery efficiency of surface samplers on stainless steel (SS) and polypropylene (PP) surfaces. Separate cocktails of Listeria monocytogenes...

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Main Authors: Zeynal Topalcengiz, Sahaana Chandran, Francis Torko, Kristen E. Gibson
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Elsevier 2025-09-01
Series:Journal of Food Protection
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Online Access:http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0362028X25001516
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author Zeynal Topalcengiz
Sahaana Chandran
Francis Torko
Kristen E. Gibson
author_facet Zeynal Topalcengiz
Sahaana Chandran
Francis Torko
Kristen E. Gibson
author_sort Zeynal Topalcengiz
collection DOAJ
description Surface sampling devices ranging in material composition and size can be used in environmental monitoring programs. This study aimed to compare the bacterial recovery efficiency of surface samplers on stainless steel (SS) and polypropylene (PP) surfaces. Separate cocktails of Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella enterica strains were spot inoculated (1 mL; 40 spots × 25 μL) on SS and PP surfaces at high (7 log) and low (4 log) concentrations. A cellulose sponge sampler, polyurethane foam sponge sampler, and polyolefin nonwoven fabric sampler were utilized for bacteria recovery from SS and PP surfaces at two surface areas: 1× [929 cm2 (144 in2)] and 2× [1858 cm2 (288 in2)]. The effect of prewet volume (5 mL, 10 mL) on bacteria recovery from PP and SS was also investigated with the nonwoven fabric sampler at high inoculum level and 1× surface area. Three experimental trials were conducted totaling 336 samples, and recovery percentages were based on the CFU recovered divided by the initial CFU added to each surface. Statistical analysis was performed to determine whether sampler type, pathogen type, inoculum concentration, surface type, and surface area were significant predictors of recovery percentage. A significant five-way interaction (P = 0.0015) was observed between the predictor variables; therefore, no conclusions can be made regarding the main effects. The recovery percentage of L. monocytogenes was significantly higher than Salmonella from PP surfaces across all three sampler types. For the nonwoven fabric sampler, the 5 mL prewet volume yielded significantly higher recovery (P ≤ 0.05) for both bacteria combined at 10.66% (95% CI: 9.93, 11.44) compared to 3.09% (95% CI: 2.71, 3.52) recovery with the 10 mL prewet volume. However, the effect of volume on recovery depended on the interaction between surface type and inoculum level.
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spelling doaj-art-d565b0b974cc41a9bcd2e4104a625c632025-08-25T04:13:58ZengElsevierJournal of Food Protection0362-028X2025-09-01881010059910.1016/j.jfp.2025.100599Recovery of Salmonella and Listeria monocytogenes from Nonporous Surfaces Based on Surface Sampler TypeZeynal Topalcengiz0Sahaana Chandran1Francis Torko2Kristen E. Gibson3Department of Food Science, Center for Food Safety, University of Arkansas System Division of Agriculture, Fayetteville, AR 72704, USA; Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Muş Alparslan University, 49250 Muş, TürkiyeDepartment of Food Science, Center for Food Safety, University of Arkansas System Division of Agriculture, Fayetteville, AR 72704, USADepartment of Food Science, Center for Food Safety, University of Arkansas System Division of Agriculture, Fayetteville, AR 72704, USADepartment of Food Science, Center for Food Safety, University of Arkansas System Division of Agriculture, Fayetteville, AR 72704, USA; Corresponding author at: Department of Food Science, University of Arkansas, 1371 West Altheimer Dr., Fayetteville, AR 72704, United States.Surface sampling devices ranging in material composition and size can be used in environmental monitoring programs. This study aimed to compare the bacterial recovery efficiency of surface samplers on stainless steel (SS) and polypropylene (PP) surfaces. Separate cocktails of Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella enterica strains were spot inoculated (1 mL; 40 spots × 25 μL) on SS and PP surfaces at high (7 log) and low (4 log) concentrations. A cellulose sponge sampler, polyurethane foam sponge sampler, and polyolefin nonwoven fabric sampler were utilized for bacteria recovery from SS and PP surfaces at two surface areas: 1× [929 cm2 (144 in2)] and 2× [1858 cm2 (288 in2)]. The effect of prewet volume (5 mL, 10 mL) on bacteria recovery from PP and SS was also investigated with the nonwoven fabric sampler at high inoculum level and 1× surface area. Three experimental trials were conducted totaling 336 samples, and recovery percentages were based on the CFU recovered divided by the initial CFU added to each surface. Statistical analysis was performed to determine whether sampler type, pathogen type, inoculum concentration, surface type, and surface area were significant predictors of recovery percentage. A significant five-way interaction (P = 0.0015) was observed between the predictor variables; therefore, no conclusions can be made regarding the main effects. The recovery percentage of L. monocytogenes was significantly higher than Salmonella from PP surfaces across all three sampler types. For the nonwoven fabric sampler, the 5 mL prewet volume yielded significantly higher recovery (P ≤ 0.05) for both bacteria combined at 10.66% (95% CI: 9.93, 11.44) compared to 3.09% (95% CI: 2.71, 3.52) recovery with the 10 mL prewet volume. However, the effect of volume on recovery depended on the interaction between surface type and inoculum level.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0362028X25001516Food-contact surfaceNonwoven fabric samplerPathogenPolypropyleneSponge samplerStainless steel
spellingShingle Zeynal Topalcengiz
Sahaana Chandran
Francis Torko
Kristen E. Gibson
Recovery of Salmonella and Listeria monocytogenes from Nonporous Surfaces Based on Surface Sampler Type
Journal of Food Protection
Food-contact surface
Nonwoven fabric sampler
Pathogen
Polypropylene
Sponge sampler
Stainless steel
title Recovery of Salmonella and Listeria monocytogenes from Nonporous Surfaces Based on Surface Sampler Type
title_full Recovery of Salmonella and Listeria monocytogenes from Nonporous Surfaces Based on Surface Sampler Type
title_fullStr Recovery of Salmonella and Listeria monocytogenes from Nonporous Surfaces Based on Surface Sampler Type
title_full_unstemmed Recovery of Salmonella and Listeria monocytogenes from Nonporous Surfaces Based on Surface Sampler Type
title_short Recovery of Salmonella and Listeria monocytogenes from Nonporous Surfaces Based on Surface Sampler Type
title_sort recovery of salmonella and listeria monocytogenes from nonporous surfaces based on surface sampler type
topic Food-contact surface
Nonwoven fabric sampler
Pathogen
Polypropylene
Sponge sampler
Stainless steel
url http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0362028X25001516
work_keys_str_mv AT zeynaltopalcengiz recoveryofsalmonellaandlisteriamonocytogenesfromnonporoussurfacesbasedonsurfacesamplertype
AT sahaanachandran recoveryofsalmonellaandlisteriamonocytogenesfromnonporoussurfacesbasedonsurfacesamplertype
AT francistorko recoveryofsalmonellaandlisteriamonocytogenesfromnonporoussurfacesbasedonsurfacesamplertype
AT kristenegibson recoveryofsalmonellaandlisteriamonocytogenesfromnonporoussurfacesbasedonsurfacesamplertype