Distribution of sasX, mupA, and qacA/B genes and determination of genetic relatedness of epidemic methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains associated with bloodstream infections in southern China
IntroductionMethicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) exhibits diverse genotypes with varying virulence and resistance profiles, particularly in the context of bloodstream infections (BSI). This study investigates the prevalence of the sasX, mupA, and qacA/B genes among MRSA isolates from b...
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2025-01-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology |
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| author | Rui Zhao Bingyu Du Lingling Hu Chenxi Li Fen Xue Xing Wang Changhong Jiang Jinghua Wang Yanfeng Zhao |
| author_facet | Rui Zhao Bingyu Du Lingling Hu Chenxi Li Fen Xue Xing Wang Changhong Jiang Jinghua Wang Yanfeng Zhao |
| author_sort | Rui Zhao |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | IntroductionMethicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) exhibits diverse genotypes with varying virulence and resistance profiles, particularly in the context of bloodstream infections (BSI). This study investigates the prevalence of the sasX, mupA, and qacA/B genes among MRSA isolates from bloodstream infections in southern China and analyzes their genetic relatedness.MethodsA polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay was developed to detect the presence of the sasX gene, which is associated with nasal colonization, immune evasion, and virulence, the mupirocin resistance gene mupA, and the chlorhexidine tolerance gene qacA/B in a total of 77 MRSA isolates. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) was performed to determine the sequence types (STs) and assess the genetic relatedness of the isolates. The resistance of these strains to 16 antibiotics was also analyzed. The distribution of these genes and their association with epidemic STs were analyzed.ResultsA total of 26 STs were identified, with notable prevalence in five epidemic clones: ST59, ST5, and ST764. The prevalence of the sasX, mupA, and qacA/B genes across all isolates was 23.4%, 33.8%, and 79.2%, respectively. Specifically, the frequency of the sasX gene was highest in ST59 (29.4%), ST239 (100%), and ST764 (37.5%); mupA was most prevalent in ST5 (66.7%), ST59 (17.6%), ST764 (37.5%), and ST15 (100%); qacA/B was predominantly found in ST59 (88.2%), ST5 (66.7%), ST398 (85.7%), ST764 (50.0%), and ST239 (100%). The gene distribution patterns revealed that sasX+ qacA/B+ mupA+ strains were closely associated with epidemic clones ST6290 and ST88, whereas sasX+ qacA/B+ mupA- strains were linked to ST59, ST239, and ST764. DiscussionNotably, forty-seven (61%) MRSA BSI strains were multidrug-resistant, with the majority exhibiting resistance to penicillin, erythromycin, and clindamycin. Major MRSA clones in southern China include ST59, ST5, ST764, and ST398. In this study, sasX, mupA and qacA/B genes were present in the MRSA isolates, with the mupA gene being the most prevalent. Variations in the prevalence of virulence and resistance genes among these epidemic strains underscore the need for targeted infection control measures. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the genetic epidemiology of MRSA in the region, facilitating the development of effective prevention and control strategies for BSI. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-d56037dfab03476fa0de794fcc791468 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2235-2988 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
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| spelling | doaj-art-d56037dfab03476fa0de794fcc7914682025-01-30T06:22:11ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology2235-29882025-01-011510.3389/fcimb.2025.14916581491658Distribution of sasX, mupA, and qacA/B genes and determination of genetic relatedness of epidemic methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains associated with bloodstream infections in southern ChinaRui Zhao0Bingyu Du1Lingling Hu2Chenxi Li3Fen Xue4Xing Wang5Changhong Jiang6Jinghua Wang7Yanfeng Zhao8Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Shanghai Center for Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai, ChinaLaboratory Medicine Center, Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, ChinaLaboratory Medicine Center, Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, ChinaLaboratory Medicine Center, Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, ChinaLaboratory Medicine Center, Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, ChinaDepartment of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Children’s Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, ChinaDepartment of Laboratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, ChinaClinical Microbiology Laboratory, Shanghai Center for Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai, ChinaLaboratory Medicine Center, Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, ChinaIntroductionMethicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) exhibits diverse genotypes with varying virulence and resistance profiles, particularly in the context of bloodstream infections (BSI). This study investigates the prevalence of the sasX, mupA, and qacA/B genes among MRSA isolates from bloodstream infections in southern China and analyzes their genetic relatedness.MethodsA polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay was developed to detect the presence of the sasX gene, which is associated with nasal colonization, immune evasion, and virulence, the mupirocin resistance gene mupA, and the chlorhexidine tolerance gene qacA/B in a total of 77 MRSA isolates. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) was performed to determine the sequence types (STs) and assess the genetic relatedness of the isolates. The resistance of these strains to 16 antibiotics was also analyzed. The distribution of these genes and their association with epidemic STs were analyzed.ResultsA total of 26 STs were identified, with notable prevalence in five epidemic clones: ST59, ST5, and ST764. The prevalence of the sasX, mupA, and qacA/B genes across all isolates was 23.4%, 33.8%, and 79.2%, respectively. Specifically, the frequency of the sasX gene was highest in ST59 (29.4%), ST239 (100%), and ST764 (37.5%); mupA was most prevalent in ST5 (66.7%), ST59 (17.6%), ST764 (37.5%), and ST15 (100%); qacA/B was predominantly found in ST59 (88.2%), ST5 (66.7%), ST398 (85.7%), ST764 (50.0%), and ST239 (100%). The gene distribution patterns revealed that sasX+ qacA/B+ mupA+ strains were closely associated with epidemic clones ST6290 and ST88, whereas sasX+ qacA/B+ mupA- strains were linked to ST59, ST239, and ST764. DiscussionNotably, forty-seven (61%) MRSA BSI strains were multidrug-resistant, with the majority exhibiting resistance to penicillin, erythromycin, and clindamycin. Major MRSA clones in southern China include ST59, ST5, ST764, and ST398. In this study, sasX, mupA and qacA/B genes were present in the MRSA isolates, with the mupA gene being the most prevalent. Variations in the prevalence of virulence and resistance genes among these epidemic strains underscore the need for targeted infection control measures. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the genetic epidemiology of MRSA in the region, facilitating the development of effective prevention and control strategies for BSI.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcimb.2025.1491658/fullMRSAMLSTbloodstream infectionssasXmupAqacA/B |
| spellingShingle | Rui Zhao Bingyu Du Lingling Hu Chenxi Li Fen Xue Xing Wang Changhong Jiang Jinghua Wang Yanfeng Zhao Distribution of sasX, mupA, and qacA/B genes and determination of genetic relatedness of epidemic methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains associated with bloodstream infections in southern China Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology MRSA MLST bloodstream infections sasX mupA qacA/B |
| title | Distribution of sasX, mupA, and qacA/B genes and determination of genetic relatedness of epidemic methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains associated with bloodstream infections in southern China |
| title_full | Distribution of sasX, mupA, and qacA/B genes and determination of genetic relatedness of epidemic methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains associated with bloodstream infections in southern China |
| title_fullStr | Distribution of sasX, mupA, and qacA/B genes and determination of genetic relatedness of epidemic methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains associated with bloodstream infections in southern China |
| title_full_unstemmed | Distribution of sasX, mupA, and qacA/B genes and determination of genetic relatedness of epidemic methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains associated with bloodstream infections in southern China |
| title_short | Distribution of sasX, mupA, and qacA/B genes and determination of genetic relatedness of epidemic methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains associated with bloodstream infections in southern China |
| title_sort | distribution of sasx mupa and qaca b genes and determination of genetic relatedness of epidemic methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus strains associated with bloodstream infections in southern china |
| topic | MRSA MLST bloodstream infections sasX mupA qacA/B |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcimb.2025.1491658/full |
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