Burden of orofacial clefts from 1990–2021 at global, regional, and national levels

ObjectivesWe aimed to study and comprehensively evaluate the burden of OFCs at global, regional, and national levels.MethodsBased on data from the Global Burden of Disease database for 2021, we analysed the prevalence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) of orofacial clefts (OFCs)...

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Main Authors: Qinqin Ma, Jie Wei, Bo Peng, Jianying Liu, Shuixue Mo
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Frontiers Media S.A. 2025-03-01
Series:Frontiers in Pediatrics
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Online Access:https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fped.2025.1502877/full
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author Qinqin Ma
Qinqin Ma
Jie Wei
Jie Wei
Jie Wei
Bo Peng
Bo Peng
Bo Peng
Jianying Liu
Jianying Liu
Shuixue Mo
Shuixue Mo
author_facet Qinqin Ma
Qinqin Ma
Jie Wei
Jie Wei
Jie Wei
Bo Peng
Bo Peng
Bo Peng
Jianying Liu
Jianying Liu
Shuixue Mo
Shuixue Mo
author_sort Qinqin Ma
collection DOAJ
description ObjectivesWe aimed to study and comprehensively evaluate the burden of OFCs at global, regional, and national levels.MethodsBased on data from the Global Burden of Disease database for 2021, we analysed the prevalence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) of orofacial clefts (OFCs) from 1990–2021, categorised by sex, regions, and sociodemographic index (SDI). Numbers and age-standardised rates (ASRs) of the aforementioned indices were estimated through a systematic analysis of modelled data from the GBD 2021 study. Finally, the relationship between SDI and the epidemiological parameters of OFCs was evaluated.ResultsIn 2021, the global prevalence of OFCs included 4,124,007 cases, resulting in 1,719 deaths and 408,775 DALYs. From 1990–2021, prevalence cases decreased by 40.38%, while mortality rates, and DALYs decreased by 86.08%, and 68.33%, respectively. Moreover, the ASRs for prevalence, mortality, and DALYs demonstrated a decreasing trend during the period. In 2021, the highest age-standardised prevalence rates (ASPRs) of OFCs were recorded in South Asia, North Africa, the Middle East, and Central Asia. Nationally, Palestine, Qatar, and Bangladesh reported the three highest ASPRs in 2021. A nonlinear association was observed between the ASRs of OFCs and the SDI at regional and national levels.ConclusionsThe global burden of OFCs decreased from 1990–2021. However, there is a disparity in disease burden across different regions, over 80% of the burden is borne by patients in low- and middle-income countries, the burden of OFCs remains a major public health challenge globally. Our findings will help to formulate appropriate policies to reduce the OFCs burden.
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publisher Frontiers Media S.A.
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spelling doaj-art-d53d086fbe9745c7aeb05e542c1c2bbe2025-08-20T03:42:47ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Pediatrics2296-23602025-03-011310.3389/fped.2025.15028771502877Burden of orofacial clefts from 1990–2021 at global, regional, and national levelsQinqin Ma0Qinqin Ma1Jie Wei2Jie Wei3Jie Wei4Bo Peng5Bo Peng6Bo Peng7Jianying Liu8Jianying Liu9Shuixue Mo10Shuixue Mo11Department of Orthodontics, College of Stomatology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, ChinaGuangxi Clinical Research Center for Craniofacial Deformity, Nanning, Guangxi, ChinaDivision of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, ChinaKey Laboratory of Basic and Clinical Application Research for Hepatobiliary Diseases of Guangxi, Nanning, Guangxi, ChinaGuangxi Key Laboratory of Immunology and Metabolism for Liver Diseases, Nanning, Guangxi, ChinaDivision of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, ChinaKey Laboratory of Basic and Clinical Application Research for Hepatobiliary Diseases of Guangxi, Nanning, Guangxi, ChinaGuangxi Key Laboratory of Immunology and Metabolism for Liver Diseases, Nanning, Guangxi, ChinaDepartment of Orthodontics, College of Stomatology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, ChinaGuangxi Clinical Research Center for Craniofacial Deformity, Nanning, Guangxi, ChinaDepartment of Orthodontics, College of Stomatology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, ChinaGuangxi Clinical Research Center for Craniofacial Deformity, Nanning, Guangxi, ChinaObjectivesWe aimed to study and comprehensively evaluate the burden of OFCs at global, regional, and national levels.MethodsBased on data from the Global Burden of Disease database for 2021, we analysed the prevalence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) of orofacial clefts (OFCs) from 1990–2021, categorised by sex, regions, and sociodemographic index (SDI). Numbers and age-standardised rates (ASRs) of the aforementioned indices were estimated through a systematic analysis of modelled data from the GBD 2021 study. Finally, the relationship between SDI and the epidemiological parameters of OFCs was evaluated.ResultsIn 2021, the global prevalence of OFCs included 4,124,007 cases, resulting in 1,719 deaths and 408,775 DALYs. From 1990–2021, prevalence cases decreased by 40.38%, while mortality rates, and DALYs decreased by 86.08%, and 68.33%, respectively. Moreover, the ASRs for prevalence, mortality, and DALYs demonstrated a decreasing trend during the period. In 2021, the highest age-standardised prevalence rates (ASPRs) of OFCs were recorded in South Asia, North Africa, the Middle East, and Central Asia. Nationally, Palestine, Qatar, and Bangladesh reported the three highest ASPRs in 2021. A nonlinear association was observed between the ASRs of OFCs and the SDI at regional and national levels.ConclusionsThe global burden of OFCs decreased from 1990–2021. However, there is a disparity in disease burden across different regions, over 80% of the burden is borne by patients in low- and middle-income countries, the burden of OFCs remains a major public health challenge globally. Our findings will help to formulate appropriate policies to reduce the OFCs burden.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fped.2025.1502877/fullorofacial cleftsglobal burden of diseaseprevalencemortalitydisability-adjusted life years
spellingShingle Qinqin Ma
Qinqin Ma
Jie Wei
Jie Wei
Jie Wei
Bo Peng
Bo Peng
Bo Peng
Jianying Liu
Jianying Liu
Shuixue Mo
Shuixue Mo
Burden of orofacial clefts from 1990–2021 at global, regional, and national levels
Frontiers in Pediatrics
orofacial clefts
global burden of disease
prevalence
mortality
disability-adjusted life years
title Burden of orofacial clefts from 1990–2021 at global, regional, and national levels
title_full Burden of orofacial clefts from 1990–2021 at global, regional, and national levels
title_fullStr Burden of orofacial clefts from 1990–2021 at global, regional, and national levels
title_full_unstemmed Burden of orofacial clefts from 1990–2021 at global, regional, and national levels
title_short Burden of orofacial clefts from 1990–2021 at global, regional, and national levels
title_sort burden of orofacial clefts from 1990 2021 at global regional and national levels
topic orofacial clefts
global burden of disease
prevalence
mortality
disability-adjusted life years
url https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fped.2025.1502877/full
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