Advancing the selection of implementation science theories, models, and frameworks: a scoping review and the development of the SELECT-IT meta-framework

Abstract Background Theories, models, and frameworks (TMFs) are central to implementation practice and research. Selecting one or more TMF(s) for a project remains challenging due to numerous options and limited guidance. This study aimed to (1) identify and categorize the reported purposes and attr...

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Main Authors: Guillaume Fontaine, Meagan Mooney, Joshua Porat-Dahlerbruch, Katherine Cahir, Moriah Ellen, Anne Spinewine, Natalie Taylor, Rachael Laritz, Ève Bourbeau-Allard, Jeremy M. Grimshaw
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: BMC 2025-05-01
Series:Implementation Science
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Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1186/s13012-025-01436-5
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author Guillaume Fontaine
Meagan Mooney
Joshua Porat-Dahlerbruch
Katherine Cahir
Moriah Ellen
Anne Spinewine
Natalie Taylor
Rachael Laritz
Ève Bourbeau-Allard
Jeremy M. Grimshaw
author_facet Guillaume Fontaine
Meagan Mooney
Joshua Porat-Dahlerbruch
Katherine Cahir
Moriah Ellen
Anne Spinewine
Natalie Taylor
Rachael Laritz
Ève Bourbeau-Allard
Jeremy M. Grimshaw
author_sort Guillaume Fontaine
collection DOAJ
description Abstract Background Theories, models, and frameworks (TMFs) are central to implementation practice and research. Selecting one or more TMF(s) for a project remains challenging due to numerous options and limited guidance. This study aimed to (1) identify and categorize the reported purposes and attributes of TMFs, as well as the practical considerations of TMF users, and (2) synthesize these findings into a meta-framework that supports implementation practitioners and researchers in selecting TMFs. Methods A scoping review was conducted using Joanna Briggs Institute guidelines. Medline, Embase, and CINAHL were searched to identify articles on the selection of TMFs. Articles were selected and data extracted using Covidence. Inductive thematic analysis was used to refine and categorize purposes, attributes and practical considerations. The meta-framework was developed by mapping these categories onto a sequential process, pilot-testing through case studies, and iteratively refining it based on team feedback. Results Of 9,276 records, 43 articles (2005–2024) were included. Most articles reported TMF purposes (41 articles), followed by attributes (30) and practical considerations (13). Seven distinct purposes were identified: (1) enhancing conceptual clarity, (2) anticipating change and guiding inquiry, (3) guiding the implementation process, (4) guiding identification of determinants, (5) guiding design and adaptation of strategies, (6) guiding evaluation and causal explanation, and (7) guiding interpretation and dissemination. Additionally, 24 TMF attributes were grouped into five domains: clarity and structure, scientific strength and evidence, applicability and usability, equity and sociocultural responsiveness, and system and partner integration. Ten practical considerations were grouped into three domains: team expertise and readiness, resource availability, and project fit. These findings informed the development of the Systematic Evaluation and Selection of Implementation Science Theories, Models and Frameworks (SELECT-IT) meta-framework, comprising four steps: (1) determine the purpose(s) of using TMF(s); (2) identify potential TMFs; (3) evaluate short-listed TMFs against attributes; and (4) assess practical considerations of using TMF(s) within the project context. A worked example and two user-friendly worksheets illustrate its utility. Conclusions This study advances understanding of the selection of implementation science TMFs by distinguishing inherent TMF attributes from practical considerations. The SELECT-IT meta-framework offers a structured, context-sensitive approach for selecting appropriate TMFs. Future research should evaluate its validity and utility across diverse contexts.
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spelling doaj-art-d50bb65d6e55429fa58888c59fd12eeb2025-08-20T03:22:03ZengBMCImplementation Science1748-59082025-05-0120112410.1186/s13012-025-01436-5Advancing the selection of implementation science theories, models, and frameworks: a scoping review and the development of the SELECT-IT meta-frameworkGuillaume Fontaine0Meagan Mooney1Joshua Porat-Dahlerbruch2Katherine Cahir3Moriah Ellen4Anne Spinewine5Natalie Taylor6Rachael Laritz7Ève Bourbeau-Allard8Jeremy M. Grimshaw9Ingram School of Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill UniversityIngram School of Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill UniversitySchool of Nursing, University of PittsburghSchool of Nursing, University of PittsburghDepartment of Health Policy and Management, Guilford Glazer Faculty of Business and Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the NegevClinical Pharmacy and Pharmacoepidemiology Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université Catholique de LouvainSchool of Population Health, UNSW SydneyCentre for Nursing Research, Sir Mortimer B. Davis Jewish General HospitalCentre for Nursing Research, Sir Mortimer B. Davis Jewish General HospitalCentre for Implementation Research, Ottawa Hospital Research InstituteAbstract Background Theories, models, and frameworks (TMFs) are central to implementation practice and research. Selecting one or more TMF(s) for a project remains challenging due to numerous options and limited guidance. This study aimed to (1) identify and categorize the reported purposes and attributes of TMFs, as well as the practical considerations of TMF users, and (2) synthesize these findings into a meta-framework that supports implementation practitioners and researchers in selecting TMFs. Methods A scoping review was conducted using Joanna Briggs Institute guidelines. Medline, Embase, and CINAHL were searched to identify articles on the selection of TMFs. Articles were selected and data extracted using Covidence. Inductive thematic analysis was used to refine and categorize purposes, attributes and practical considerations. The meta-framework was developed by mapping these categories onto a sequential process, pilot-testing through case studies, and iteratively refining it based on team feedback. Results Of 9,276 records, 43 articles (2005–2024) were included. Most articles reported TMF purposes (41 articles), followed by attributes (30) and practical considerations (13). Seven distinct purposes were identified: (1) enhancing conceptual clarity, (2) anticipating change and guiding inquiry, (3) guiding the implementation process, (4) guiding identification of determinants, (5) guiding design and adaptation of strategies, (6) guiding evaluation and causal explanation, and (7) guiding interpretation and dissemination. Additionally, 24 TMF attributes were grouped into five domains: clarity and structure, scientific strength and evidence, applicability and usability, equity and sociocultural responsiveness, and system and partner integration. Ten practical considerations were grouped into three domains: team expertise and readiness, resource availability, and project fit. These findings informed the development of the Systematic Evaluation and Selection of Implementation Science Theories, Models and Frameworks (SELECT-IT) meta-framework, comprising four steps: (1) determine the purpose(s) of using TMF(s); (2) identify potential TMFs; (3) evaluate short-listed TMFs against attributes; and (4) assess practical considerations of using TMF(s) within the project context. A worked example and two user-friendly worksheets illustrate its utility. Conclusions This study advances understanding of the selection of implementation science TMFs by distinguishing inherent TMF attributes from practical considerations. The SELECT-IT meta-framework offers a structured, context-sensitive approach for selecting appropriate TMFs. Future research should evaluate its validity and utility across diverse contexts.https://doi.org/10.1186/s13012-025-01436-5Implementation researchImplementation practiceQuality improvementTheoryModelFramework
spellingShingle Guillaume Fontaine
Meagan Mooney
Joshua Porat-Dahlerbruch
Katherine Cahir
Moriah Ellen
Anne Spinewine
Natalie Taylor
Rachael Laritz
Ève Bourbeau-Allard
Jeremy M. Grimshaw
Advancing the selection of implementation science theories, models, and frameworks: a scoping review and the development of the SELECT-IT meta-framework
Implementation Science
Implementation research
Implementation practice
Quality improvement
Theory
Model
Framework
title Advancing the selection of implementation science theories, models, and frameworks: a scoping review and the development of the SELECT-IT meta-framework
title_full Advancing the selection of implementation science theories, models, and frameworks: a scoping review and the development of the SELECT-IT meta-framework
title_fullStr Advancing the selection of implementation science theories, models, and frameworks: a scoping review and the development of the SELECT-IT meta-framework
title_full_unstemmed Advancing the selection of implementation science theories, models, and frameworks: a scoping review and the development of the SELECT-IT meta-framework
title_short Advancing the selection of implementation science theories, models, and frameworks: a scoping review and the development of the SELECT-IT meta-framework
title_sort advancing the selection of implementation science theories models and frameworks a scoping review and the development of the select it meta framework
topic Implementation research
Implementation practice
Quality improvement
Theory
Model
Framework
url https://doi.org/10.1186/s13012-025-01436-5
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