Chemical constituents analysis of blue vitriol, brimstone and black stone using X-ray fluorescence technology and GC-MS: a quest for novel antifungals
<p>New drugs especially antifungals are continually required by healthcare systems to address serious public health challenges such as resistance, toxicity, cost and scarcity. This research aimed at analyzing the chemical constituents of blue vitriol, brimstone and black stone using x-ray fluo...
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Academy Publishing Center
2024-09-01
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| Series: | Advances in Medical, Pharmaceutical and Dental Research |
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| Online Access: | http://apc.aast.edu/ojs/index.php/AMPDR/article/view/857 |
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| author | Onyekachukwu Izuchukwu Udemezue Onyekachi Ijeoma Udemezue Evangeline Chinyere Udenweze Chijioke Obinna Ezenwelu Euphemia Afoma Ikegwuonu |
| author_facet | Onyekachukwu Izuchukwu Udemezue Onyekachi Ijeoma Udemezue Evangeline Chinyere Udenweze Chijioke Obinna Ezenwelu Euphemia Afoma Ikegwuonu |
| author_sort | Onyekachukwu Izuchukwu Udemezue |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | <p>New drugs especially antifungals are continually required by healthcare systems to address serious public health challenges such as resistance, toxicity, cost and scarcity. This research aimed at analyzing the chemical constituents of blue vitriol, brimstone and black stone using x-ray fluorescence technology and gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS); a quest for novel antifungal agents. The test isolates were obtained from high vaginal swab samples of patients attending a University Teaching Hospital in Anambra State, Nigeria. The isolates were identified based on their morphological, physiological and molecular characteristics. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal fungicidal concentration (MFC) were determined using the broth dilution method. The inorganic and organic constituents of the natural compounds were determined using x-ray fluorescence technology and GC-MS respectively. The isolates include <em>Candida albicans, C. tropicalis, C. glabrata </em>and<em> C. parapsilosis. </em>The MIC and MFC of blue vitriol against the isolates ranges from 12.50mg/ml – 100mg/ml, brimstone (50mg/ml – 200mg/ml), black stone (200mg/ml) and ketoconazole(positive control):12.50mg/ml - 50mg/ml. The inorganic components found in blue vitriol include oxides of copper (43.7%), sulphur (29.4%), aluminium (1.2%); while the heavy metals arsenic, lead and nickel (all <0.009%). linoelaidic acid (24.92%) and oleic acid (12.97%) make up the organic components. Brimstone contains Oleic acid (10.26%), decanoic acid (28.37%), sulphur (94.72%), aluminum (3.46%), while Lead, arsenic and nickel all accounted for <0.0007%. Black stones comprise hexanoic acid (1.62%), oxides of iron (1.9%), sulphur (1.64%), potassium (2%), copper (0.2%), chlorine (0.98%); while nickel, lead and arsenic (all <0.002%). The study has revealed that blue vitriol, brimstone and black stones are good alternatives to conventional antifungal drugs.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Received: 28 May 2024</strong></p><p><strong>Accepted: 28 July 2024</strong></p><p><strong>Published: 20 September 2024</strong></p> |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-d4b91c430d454c7383c3f64f8d74b14a |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2812-488X 2812-4898 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-09-01 |
| publisher | Academy Publishing Center |
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| series | Advances in Medical, Pharmaceutical and Dental Research |
| spelling | doaj-art-d4b91c430d454c7383c3f64f8d74b14a2025-08-20T03:50:01ZengAcademy Publishing CenterAdvances in Medical, Pharmaceutical and Dental Research2812-488X2812-48982024-09-014216517110.21622/AMPDR.2024.04.2.857445Chemical constituents analysis of blue vitriol, brimstone and black stone using X-ray fluorescence technology and GC-MS: a quest for novel antifungalsOnyekachukwu Izuchukwu Udemezue0Onyekachi Ijeoma Udemezue1Evangeline Chinyere Udenweze2Chijioke Obinna Ezenwelu3Euphemia Afoma Ikegwuonu4Department of Applied Microbiology Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, NigeriaDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University Teaching Hospital, Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria1Department of Applied Microbiology and Brewing, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, P. M. B. 5025, Awka, NigeriaDepartment of Applied Biochemistry, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, NigeriaDepartment of Applied Microbiology and Brewing, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria<p>New drugs especially antifungals are continually required by healthcare systems to address serious public health challenges such as resistance, toxicity, cost and scarcity. This research aimed at analyzing the chemical constituents of blue vitriol, brimstone and black stone using x-ray fluorescence technology and gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS); a quest for novel antifungal agents. The test isolates were obtained from high vaginal swab samples of patients attending a University Teaching Hospital in Anambra State, Nigeria. The isolates were identified based on their morphological, physiological and molecular characteristics. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal fungicidal concentration (MFC) were determined using the broth dilution method. The inorganic and organic constituents of the natural compounds were determined using x-ray fluorescence technology and GC-MS respectively. The isolates include <em>Candida albicans, C. tropicalis, C. glabrata </em>and<em> C. parapsilosis. </em>The MIC and MFC of blue vitriol against the isolates ranges from 12.50mg/ml – 100mg/ml, brimstone (50mg/ml – 200mg/ml), black stone (200mg/ml) and ketoconazole(positive control):12.50mg/ml - 50mg/ml. The inorganic components found in blue vitriol include oxides of copper (43.7%), sulphur (29.4%), aluminium (1.2%); while the heavy metals arsenic, lead and nickel (all <0.009%). linoelaidic acid (24.92%) and oleic acid (12.97%) make up the organic components. Brimstone contains Oleic acid (10.26%), decanoic acid (28.37%), sulphur (94.72%), aluminum (3.46%), while Lead, arsenic and nickel all accounted for <0.0007%. Black stones comprise hexanoic acid (1.62%), oxides of iron (1.9%), sulphur (1.64%), potassium (2%), copper (0.2%), chlorine (0.98%); while nickel, lead and arsenic (all <0.002%). The study has revealed that blue vitriol, brimstone and black stones are good alternatives to conventional antifungal drugs.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Received: 28 May 2024</strong></p><p><strong>Accepted: 28 July 2024</strong></p><p><strong>Published: 20 September 2024</strong></p>http://apc.aast.edu/ojs/index.php/AMPDR/article/view/857antifungals, analysis, blue vitriol, brimstone and black stone |
| spellingShingle | Onyekachukwu Izuchukwu Udemezue Onyekachi Ijeoma Udemezue Evangeline Chinyere Udenweze Chijioke Obinna Ezenwelu Euphemia Afoma Ikegwuonu Chemical constituents analysis of blue vitriol, brimstone and black stone using X-ray fluorescence technology and GC-MS: a quest for novel antifungals Advances in Medical, Pharmaceutical and Dental Research antifungals, analysis, blue vitriol, brimstone and black stone |
| title | Chemical constituents analysis of blue vitriol, brimstone and black stone using X-ray fluorescence technology and GC-MS: a quest for novel antifungals |
| title_full | Chemical constituents analysis of blue vitriol, brimstone and black stone using X-ray fluorescence technology and GC-MS: a quest for novel antifungals |
| title_fullStr | Chemical constituents analysis of blue vitriol, brimstone and black stone using X-ray fluorescence technology and GC-MS: a quest for novel antifungals |
| title_full_unstemmed | Chemical constituents analysis of blue vitriol, brimstone and black stone using X-ray fluorescence technology and GC-MS: a quest for novel antifungals |
| title_short | Chemical constituents analysis of blue vitriol, brimstone and black stone using X-ray fluorescence technology and GC-MS: a quest for novel antifungals |
| title_sort | chemical constituents analysis of blue vitriol brimstone and black stone using x ray fluorescence technology and gc ms a quest for novel antifungals |
| topic | antifungals, analysis, blue vitriol, brimstone and black stone |
| url | http://apc.aast.edu/ojs/index.php/AMPDR/article/view/857 |
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