Toxicity of Foeniculum vulgare essential oil, its main component and nanoformulation against Phthorimaea absoluta and the generalist predator Macrolophus pygmaeus
Abstract The encapsulation of essential oils (EOs) in nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) represents an innovative and advanced approach to improve their stability and efficacy. This study evaluated, for the first time, the toxicity of Foeniculum vulgare EO (FVO), its main component, and nanoformul...
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Nature Portfolio
2025-05-01
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| author | Asmar Soleymanzadeh Orouj Valizadegan Moosa Saber Hamed Hamishehkar |
| author_facet | Asmar Soleymanzadeh Orouj Valizadegan Moosa Saber Hamed Hamishehkar |
| author_sort | Asmar Soleymanzadeh |
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| description | Abstract The encapsulation of essential oils (EOs) in nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) represents an innovative and advanced approach to improve their stability and efficacy. This study evaluated, for the first time, the toxicity of Foeniculum vulgare EO (FVO), its main component, and nanoformulation (FVO-NLC) on Phthorimaea absoluta and their side effects on generalist predator, Macrolophus pygmaeus. The obtained FVO-NLC had spherical and small (86.32 nm) particle sizes, and its encapsulation efficacy was greater than 98%. FTIR analysis revealed no significant chemical interaction between EO and NLC components. Trans-anethole (TAL) (66.22%) was identified as the key FVO component. The leaf dip method was used for bioassays. FVO-NLC and FVO showed a similar level of contact toxicity against P. absoluta with LC50 values of 5.57 and 5.44 µL/mL, respectively, while TAL had an LC50 value of 3.93 µL/mL. The lethality test revealed the slow and persistent release of FVO from FVO-NLC. Furthermore, the life table data were analyzed using the TWO SEX-MSChart program. Results indicated that all selected bio-insecticides at their LC50 values reduced fecundity and negatively affected biological and population growth parameters in target pest, and usage of them was proved to be harmless for the predator according to IOBC protocols. |
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| spelling | doaj-art-d4b37d6752ee4e3093a22abf7247f45d2025-08-20T01:51:29ZengNature PortfolioScientific Reports2045-23222025-05-0115111510.1038/s41598-025-01193-xToxicity of Foeniculum vulgare essential oil, its main component and nanoformulation against Phthorimaea absoluta and the generalist predator Macrolophus pygmaeusAsmar Soleymanzadeh0Orouj Valizadegan1Moosa Saber2Hamed Hamishehkar3Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia UniversityDepartment of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia UniversityDepartment of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of TabrizDrug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical SciencesAbstract The encapsulation of essential oils (EOs) in nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) represents an innovative and advanced approach to improve their stability and efficacy. This study evaluated, for the first time, the toxicity of Foeniculum vulgare EO (FVO), its main component, and nanoformulation (FVO-NLC) on Phthorimaea absoluta and their side effects on generalist predator, Macrolophus pygmaeus. The obtained FVO-NLC had spherical and small (86.32 nm) particle sizes, and its encapsulation efficacy was greater than 98%. FTIR analysis revealed no significant chemical interaction between EO and NLC components. Trans-anethole (TAL) (66.22%) was identified as the key FVO component. The leaf dip method was used for bioassays. FVO-NLC and FVO showed a similar level of contact toxicity against P. absoluta with LC50 values of 5.57 and 5.44 µL/mL, respectively, while TAL had an LC50 value of 3.93 µL/mL. The lethality test revealed the slow and persistent release of FVO from FVO-NLC. Furthermore, the life table data were analyzed using the TWO SEX-MSChart program. Results indicated that all selected bio-insecticides at their LC50 values reduced fecundity and negatively affected biological and population growth parameters in target pest, and usage of them was proved to be harmless for the predator according to IOBC protocols.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-01193-xBioinsecticidePhthorimaea absolutaNanotechnologySide effectTwo-sex life tableMiridae |
| spellingShingle | Asmar Soleymanzadeh Orouj Valizadegan Moosa Saber Hamed Hamishehkar Toxicity of Foeniculum vulgare essential oil, its main component and nanoformulation against Phthorimaea absoluta and the generalist predator Macrolophus pygmaeus Scientific Reports Bioinsecticide Phthorimaea absoluta Nanotechnology Side effect Two-sex life table Miridae |
| title | Toxicity of Foeniculum vulgare essential oil, its main component and nanoformulation against Phthorimaea absoluta and the generalist predator Macrolophus pygmaeus |
| title_full | Toxicity of Foeniculum vulgare essential oil, its main component and nanoformulation against Phthorimaea absoluta and the generalist predator Macrolophus pygmaeus |
| title_fullStr | Toxicity of Foeniculum vulgare essential oil, its main component and nanoformulation against Phthorimaea absoluta and the generalist predator Macrolophus pygmaeus |
| title_full_unstemmed | Toxicity of Foeniculum vulgare essential oil, its main component and nanoformulation against Phthorimaea absoluta and the generalist predator Macrolophus pygmaeus |
| title_short | Toxicity of Foeniculum vulgare essential oil, its main component and nanoformulation against Phthorimaea absoluta and the generalist predator Macrolophus pygmaeus |
| title_sort | toxicity of foeniculum vulgare essential oil its main component and nanoformulation against phthorimaea absoluta and the generalist predator macrolophus pygmaeus |
| topic | Bioinsecticide Phthorimaea absoluta Nanotechnology Side effect Two-sex life table Miridae |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-01193-x |
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