Mpox Virus Infection and Vaccination: Immunopathogenesis and Exploring the Link to Neuropsychiatric Manifestations
Background and Aim: Monkeypox (Mpox) is a viral disease mainly found in central and western Africa, with symptoms similar to variola virus (smallpox) but distinguished by the early lymph node swelling specific to Mpox. This review summarizes the neuropsychiatric manifestations of Mpox infection and...
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MDPI AG
2024-12-01
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2673-5601/4/4/34 |
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| author | Helal F. Hetta Ahmad A. Alharbi Shumukh M. Alsharif Tala T. Alkindy Alanoud Alkhamali Abdullah S. Albalawi Hager Hamdy Sayed Moaiad Eldin Ahmed Mohamed Yasmine Adel Mohammed Yasmin N. Ramadan Reem Sayad |
| author_facet | Helal F. Hetta Ahmad A. Alharbi Shumukh M. Alsharif Tala T. Alkindy Alanoud Alkhamali Abdullah S. Albalawi Hager Hamdy Sayed Moaiad Eldin Ahmed Mohamed Yasmine Adel Mohammed Yasmin N. Ramadan Reem Sayad |
| author_sort | Helal F. Hetta |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Background and Aim: Monkeypox (Mpox) is a viral disease mainly found in central and western Africa, with symptoms similar to variola virus (smallpox) but distinguished by the early lymph node swelling specific to Mpox. This review summarizes the neuropsychiatric manifestations of Mpox infection and vaccination, along with management approaches. Method: We searched different databases such as PubMed, Scopus, WoS, and Google Scholar about the neuropsychiatric manifestations of Mpox disease and the associated strategies of management. Results and conclusions: Mpox can cause a wide range of neurological symptoms. These range from mild symptoms like headaches, muscle aches, fatigue, and pain to severe symptoms, including seizures, blindness, photophobia, delirium, coma, encephalitis, and transverse myelitis. It is essential to distinguish Mpox from smallpox and other orthopox viruses. Psychiatric issues, such as stigma, disfigurement, isolation, and physical pain, are common in Mpox patients. To address these, healthcare providers should provide accurate information, counseling, and virtual support. Neurological side effects were associated with the previous smallpox vaccine, which offered cross-protection against Mpox. This vaccine has since been replaced by JYNNEOS, which does not pose any neurological risks. Mpox-related neurological symptoms are generally managed with supportive care, including NSAIDs, antibiotics, antiepileptics, and sedatives for seizures. Antivirals like acyclovir are also used. Severe cases may require hospitalization or intubation. So, we recommend early diagnosis, isolation, and prompt treatment, as Mpox spreading to the central nervous system can lead to serious and potentially fatal complications. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-d4b172cc26d94acb91d00c5319ea95e9 |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 2673-5601 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-12-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Immuno |
| spelling | doaj-art-d4b172cc26d94acb91d00c5319ea95e92025-08-20T02:55:45ZengMDPI AGImmuno2673-56012024-12-014457860010.3390/immuno4040034Mpox Virus Infection and Vaccination: Immunopathogenesis and Exploring the Link to Neuropsychiatric ManifestationsHelal F. Hetta0Ahmad A. Alharbi1Shumukh M. Alsharif2Tala T. Alkindy3Alanoud Alkhamali4Abdullah S. Albalawi5Hager Hamdy Sayed6Moaiad Eldin Ahmed Mohamed7Yasmine Adel Mohammed8Yasmin N. Ramadan9Reem Sayad10Division of Microbiology, Immunology and Biotechnology, Department of Natural Products and Alternative Medicine, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi ArabiaDivision of Microbiology, Immunology and Biotechnology, Department of Natural Products and Alternative Medicine, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi ArabiaDivision of Microbiology, Immunology and Biotechnology, Department of Natural Products and Alternative Medicine, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi ArabiaDivision of Microbiology, Immunology and Biotechnology, Department of Natural Products and Alternative Medicine, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Nuclear Medicine, South Egypt Cancer Institute, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, EgyptDepartment of Orthopedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71526, EgyptDepartment of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut university, Assiut 71515, EgyptDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut 71526, EgyptFaculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, EgyptBackground and Aim: Monkeypox (Mpox) is a viral disease mainly found in central and western Africa, with symptoms similar to variola virus (smallpox) but distinguished by the early lymph node swelling specific to Mpox. This review summarizes the neuropsychiatric manifestations of Mpox infection and vaccination, along with management approaches. Method: We searched different databases such as PubMed, Scopus, WoS, and Google Scholar about the neuropsychiatric manifestations of Mpox disease and the associated strategies of management. Results and conclusions: Mpox can cause a wide range of neurological symptoms. These range from mild symptoms like headaches, muscle aches, fatigue, and pain to severe symptoms, including seizures, blindness, photophobia, delirium, coma, encephalitis, and transverse myelitis. It is essential to distinguish Mpox from smallpox and other orthopox viruses. Psychiatric issues, such as stigma, disfigurement, isolation, and physical pain, are common in Mpox patients. To address these, healthcare providers should provide accurate information, counseling, and virtual support. Neurological side effects were associated with the previous smallpox vaccine, which offered cross-protection against Mpox. This vaccine has since been replaced by JYNNEOS, which does not pose any neurological risks. Mpox-related neurological symptoms are generally managed with supportive care, including NSAIDs, antibiotics, antiepileptics, and sedatives for seizures. Antivirals like acyclovir are also used. Severe cases may require hospitalization or intubation. So, we recommend early diagnosis, isolation, and prompt treatment, as Mpox spreading to the central nervous system can lead to serious and potentially fatal complications.https://www.mdpi.com/2673-5601/4/4/34monkeypox (Mpox)neurological manifestationpsychiatric manifestationneuropsychiatric manifestationMpox vaccinationneurological complication of vaccination |
| spellingShingle | Helal F. Hetta Ahmad A. Alharbi Shumukh M. Alsharif Tala T. Alkindy Alanoud Alkhamali Abdullah S. Albalawi Hager Hamdy Sayed Moaiad Eldin Ahmed Mohamed Yasmine Adel Mohammed Yasmin N. Ramadan Reem Sayad Mpox Virus Infection and Vaccination: Immunopathogenesis and Exploring the Link to Neuropsychiatric Manifestations Immuno monkeypox (Mpox) neurological manifestation psychiatric manifestation neuropsychiatric manifestation Mpox vaccination neurological complication of vaccination |
| title | Mpox Virus Infection and Vaccination: Immunopathogenesis and Exploring the Link to Neuropsychiatric Manifestations |
| title_full | Mpox Virus Infection and Vaccination: Immunopathogenesis and Exploring the Link to Neuropsychiatric Manifestations |
| title_fullStr | Mpox Virus Infection and Vaccination: Immunopathogenesis and Exploring the Link to Neuropsychiatric Manifestations |
| title_full_unstemmed | Mpox Virus Infection and Vaccination: Immunopathogenesis and Exploring the Link to Neuropsychiatric Manifestations |
| title_short | Mpox Virus Infection and Vaccination: Immunopathogenesis and Exploring the Link to Neuropsychiatric Manifestations |
| title_sort | mpox virus infection and vaccination immunopathogenesis and exploring the link to neuropsychiatric manifestations |
| topic | monkeypox (Mpox) neurological manifestation psychiatric manifestation neuropsychiatric manifestation Mpox vaccination neurological complication of vaccination |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2673-5601/4/4/34 |
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