Exposure to Low Doses of Biocides Increases Resistance to Other Biocides and to Antibiotics in Strains of <i>Listeria monocytogenes</i>
The effect of sub-inhibitory doses of three disinfectants, sodium hypochlorite (SHY), peracetic acid (PAA), and benzalkonium chloride (BZK), on the resistance to biocides and antibiotics of five strains of <i>Listeria monocytogenes</i> was determined. The minimum inhibitory concentration...
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2025-05-01
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| author | Cristina Rodríguez-Melcón Rosa Capita Carlos Alonso-Calleja |
| author_facet | Cristina Rodríguez-Melcón Rosa Capita Carlos Alonso-Calleja |
| author_sort | Cristina Rodríguez-Melcón |
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| description | The effect of sub-inhibitory doses of three disinfectants, sodium hypochlorite (SHY), peracetic acid (PAA), and benzalkonium chloride (BZK), on the resistance to biocides and antibiotics of five strains of <i>Listeria monocytogenes</i> was determined. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of these chemicals ranged (ppm) between 3533.3 ± 28.9 and 3783.3 ± 28.9 for SHY, between 1000.0 ± 25.0 and 1050.0 ± 25.0 for PAA, and between 1.3 ± 0.6 and 4.3 ± 0.6 for BZK. The minimum bactericidal concentration (ppm) was between 3683.3 ± 57.7 and 3983.3 ± 28.9 for SHY, between 1050.0 ± 25.0 and 1250.0 ± 25.0 for PAA, and between 1.7 ± 1.2 and 4.7 ± 1.2 for BZK. Exposure of the strains to increasing sub-inhibitory concentrations of the biocides caused adaptation and cross-adaptation to these substances, markedly so in the case of BZK, relative to which some strains saw their MIC value increase up to 5.2 times after being exposed to low doses of this disinfectant. After exposure to biocides, changes in the resistance to antibiotics of the strains were also observed. In some cases, strains moved from a category of susceptible or of reduced susceptibility to resistant, especially when exposure was to SHY. These findings suggest a need to avoid the application of sublethal concentrations of disinfectants in both the food industry and the healthcare system. |
| format | Article |
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| publishDate | 2025-05-01 |
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| spelling | doaj-art-d46f77a6ceaa42bf9aec02ff1bfb0cae2025-08-20T02:33:38ZengMDPI AGBiology2079-77372025-05-0114549510.3390/biology14050495Exposure to Low Doses of Biocides Increases Resistance to Other Biocides and to Antibiotics in Strains of <i>Listeria monocytogenes</i>Cristina Rodríguez-Melcón0Rosa Capita1Carlos Alonso-Calleja2Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Veterinary Faculty, University of León, E-24071 León, SpainDepartment of Food Hygiene and Technology, Veterinary Faculty, University of León, E-24071 León, SpainDepartment of Food Hygiene and Technology, Veterinary Faculty, University of León, E-24071 León, SpainThe effect of sub-inhibitory doses of three disinfectants, sodium hypochlorite (SHY), peracetic acid (PAA), and benzalkonium chloride (BZK), on the resistance to biocides and antibiotics of five strains of <i>Listeria monocytogenes</i> was determined. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of these chemicals ranged (ppm) between 3533.3 ± 28.9 and 3783.3 ± 28.9 for SHY, between 1000.0 ± 25.0 and 1050.0 ± 25.0 for PAA, and between 1.3 ± 0.6 and 4.3 ± 0.6 for BZK. The minimum bactericidal concentration (ppm) was between 3683.3 ± 57.7 and 3983.3 ± 28.9 for SHY, between 1050.0 ± 25.0 and 1250.0 ± 25.0 for PAA, and between 1.7 ± 1.2 and 4.7 ± 1.2 for BZK. Exposure of the strains to increasing sub-inhibitory concentrations of the biocides caused adaptation and cross-adaptation to these substances, markedly so in the case of BZK, relative to which some strains saw their MIC value increase up to 5.2 times after being exposed to low doses of this disinfectant. After exposure to biocides, changes in the resistance to antibiotics of the strains were also observed. In some cases, strains moved from a category of susceptible or of reduced susceptibility to resistant, especially when exposure was to SHY. These findings suggest a need to avoid the application of sublethal concentrations of disinfectants in both the food industry and the healthcare system.https://www.mdpi.com/2079-7737/14/5/495<i>Listeria monocytogenes</i>disinfectantslow dosesadaptationantibiotic resistance |
| spellingShingle | Cristina Rodríguez-Melcón Rosa Capita Carlos Alonso-Calleja Exposure to Low Doses of Biocides Increases Resistance to Other Biocides and to Antibiotics in Strains of <i>Listeria monocytogenes</i> Biology <i>Listeria monocytogenes</i> disinfectants low doses adaptation antibiotic resistance |
| title | Exposure to Low Doses of Biocides Increases Resistance to Other Biocides and to Antibiotics in Strains of <i>Listeria monocytogenes</i> |
| title_full | Exposure to Low Doses of Biocides Increases Resistance to Other Biocides and to Antibiotics in Strains of <i>Listeria monocytogenes</i> |
| title_fullStr | Exposure to Low Doses of Biocides Increases Resistance to Other Biocides and to Antibiotics in Strains of <i>Listeria monocytogenes</i> |
| title_full_unstemmed | Exposure to Low Doses of Biocides Increases Resistance to Other Biocides and to Antibiotics in Strains of <i>Listeria monocytogenes</i> |
| title_short | Exposure to Low Doses of Biocides Increases Resistance to Other Biocides and to Antibiotics in Strains of <i>Listeria monocytogenes</i> |
| title_sort | exposure to low doses of biocides increases resistance to other biocides and to antibiotics in strains of i listeria monocytogenes i |
| topic | <i>Listeria monocytogenes</i> disinfectants low doses adaptation antibiotic resistance |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-7737/14/5/495 |
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